137 ancient human genomes from across the Eurasian steppes

doi:10.1038/s41586-018-0094-2

. 2018 May;557(7705):369-374.

doi: 10.1038/s41586-018-0094-2. Epub 2018 May 9.

137 ancient human genomes from across the Eurasian steppes

Peter de Barros Damgaard¹, Nina Marchi², Simon Rasmussen³, Michaël Peyrot⁴, Gabriel Renaud¹, Thorfinn Korneliussen^{1

5}, J Víctor Moreno-Mayar¹, Mikkel Winther Pedersen⁵, Amy Goldberg⁶, Emma Usmanova⁷, Nurbol Baimukhanov⁸, Valeriy Loman⁷, Lotte Hedeager⁹, Anders Gorm Pedersen³, Kasper Nielsen^{3

10}, Gennady Afanasiev¹¹, Kunbolot Akmatov¹², Almaz Aldashev¹³, Ashyk Alpaslan¹², Gabit Baimbetov⁸, Vladimir I Bazaliiskii¹⁴, Arman Beisenov¹⁵, Bazartseren Boldbaatar¹⁶, Bazartseren Boldgiv¹⁷, Choduraa Dorzhu¹⁸, Sturla Ellingvag¹⁹, Diimaajav Erdenebaatar²⁰, Rana Dajani^{21

22}, Evgeniy Dmitriev⁷, Valeriy Evdokimov⁷, Karin M Frei²³, Andrey Gromov²⁴, Alexander Goryachev²⁵, Hakon Hakonarson²⁶, Tatyana Hegay²⁷, Zaruhi Khachatryan²⁸, Ruslan Khaskhanov²⁹, Egor Kitov^{15

30}, Alina Kolbina³¹, Tabaldiev Kubatbek¹², Alexey Kukushkin⁷, Igor Kukushkin⁷, Nina Lau³², Ashot Margaryan^{1

33}, Inga Merkyte³⁴, Ilya V Mertz³⁵, Viktor K Mertz³⁵, Enkhbayar Mijiddorj²⁰, Vyacheslav Moiyesev²⁴, Gulmira Mukhtarova³⁶, Bekmukhanbet Nurmukhanbetov³⁶, Z Orozbekova³⁷, Irina Panyushkina³⁸, Karol Pieta³⁹, Václav Smrčka⁴⁰, Irina Shevnina⁴¹, Andrey Logvin⁴¹, Karl-Göran Sjögren⁴², Tereza Štolcová³⁹, Angela M Taravella⁴³, Kadicha Tashbaeva⁴⁴, Alexander Tkachev⁴⁵, Turaly Tulegenov³⁶, Dmitriy Voyakin²⁵, Levon Yepiskoposyan²⁸, Sainbileg Undrakhbold¹⁷, Victor Varfolomeev⁷, Andrzej Weber⁴⁶, Melissa A Wilson Sayres⁴³, Nikolay Kradin^{47

48}, Morten E Allentoft¹, Ludovic Orlando^{1

49}, Rasmus Nielsen^{1

50}, Martin Sikora¹, Evelyne Heyer², Kristian Kristiansen⁴², Eske Willerslev^{51

52

53}

Affiliations

¹ Center for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
² Eco-anthropologie et Ethnobiologie, Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, CNRS, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France.
³ Department of Bio and Health Informatics, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark.
⁴ Leiden University Centre for Linguistics, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands.
⁵ Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
⁶ Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
⁷ Buketov Karaganda State University, Saryarka Archaeological Institute, Karaganda, Kazakhstan.
⁸ Shejire DNA, Almaty, Kazakhstan.
⁹ Department of Archaeology, Conservation and History, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
¹⁰ Carlsberg Research Laboratory, Copenhagen, Denmark.
¹¹ Department of Theory and Methods, Institute of Archaeology Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.
¹² Department of History, Kyrgyzstan-Turkey Manas University, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan.
¹³ National Academy of Sciences of Kyrgyzstan, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan.
¹⁴ Department of History, Irkutsk State University, Irkutsk, Russia.
¹⁵ A. Kh. Margulan Institute of Archaeology, Almaty, Kazakhstan.
¹⁶ Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Mongolian University of Life Sciences, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia.
¹⁷ Department of Biology, School of Arts and Sciences, National University of Mongolia, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia.
¹⁸ Departament of Biology and Ecology, Tuvan State University, Kyzyl, Russia.
¹⁹ The Explico Foundation, Floro, Norway.
²⁰ Department of Archaeology, Ulaanbaatar State University, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia.
²¹ Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Hashemite University, Zarqa, Jordan.
²² Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.
²³ Unit for Environmental Archaeology and Materials Science, National Museum of Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark.
²⁴ Peter the Great Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography (Kunstkamera) RAS, St. Petersburg, Russia.
²⁵ Archaeological Expertise LLC, Almaty, Kazakhstan.
²⁶ Center for Applied Genomics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
²⁷ Republican Scientific Center of Immunology, Ministry of Public Health, Tashkent, Uzbekistan.
²⁸ Department of Bioengineering, Bioinformatics and Molecular Biology, Russian-Armenian University, Yerevan, Armenia.
²⁹ Complex Research Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Grozny, Russia.
³⁰ Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology, Russian Academy of Science, Moscow, Russia.
³¹ Kostanay Regional Local History Museum, Kostanay, Kazakhstan.
³² Centre for Baltic and Scandinavian Archaeology, Schleswig, Germany.
³³ Laboratory of Ethnogenomics, Institute of Molecular Biology, National Academy of Sciences of Armenia, Yerevan, Armenia.
³⁴ Saxo-Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
³⁵ Center for Archaeological Research, S. Toraighyrov Pavlodar State University, Pavlodar, Kazakhstan.
³⁶ The State Historical and Cultural Reserve-Museum (ISSYK), Almaty, Kazakhstan.
³⁷ Institute of Archeology and Ethnography of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia.
³⁸ University of Arizona, Laboratory of Tree-Ring Research, Tucson, AZ, USA.
³⁹ Institute of Archaeology of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Nitra, Slovakia.
⁴⁰ Institute for History of Medicine and Foreign Languages, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic.
⁴¹ Archaeological Laboratory, Kostanay State University, Kostanay, Kazakhstan.
⁴² Department of Historical Studies, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
⁴³ School of Life Sciences, Center for Evolution and Medicine, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA.
⁴⁴ Institute of History and Cultural Heritage of National Academy of Sciences, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan.
⁴⁵ Institute of Problems Development of the North Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Tyumen, Russia.
⁴⁶ Department of Anthropology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
⁴⁷ Institute of History, Archaeology and Ethnology, Far-Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Ulan-Ude, Russia.
⁴⁸ Institute of Mongolian, Buddhist, and Tibetan Studies, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Ulan-Ude, Russia.
⁴⁹ Laboratoire d'Anthropobiologie Moléculaire et d'Imagerie de Synthèse, Université de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France.
⁵⁰ Departments of Integrative Biology and Statistics, University of Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.
⁵¹ Center for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark. ewillerslev@snm.ku.dk.
⁵² Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK. ewillerslev@snm.ku.dk.
⁵³ Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK. ewillerslev@snm.ku.dk.

PMID: 29743675
DOI: 10.1038/s41586-018-0094-2

137 ancient human genomes from across the Eurasian steppes

Peter de Barros Damgaard et al. Nature. 2018 May.

. 2018 May;557(7705):369-374.

doi: 10.1038/s41586-018-0094-2. Epub 2018 May 9.

Authors

Affiliations

¹ Center for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
² Eco-anthropologie et Ethnobiologie, Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, CNRS, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France.
³ Department of Bio and Health Informatics, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark.
⁴ Leiden University Centre for Linguistics, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands.
⁵ Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
⁶ Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
⁷ Buketov Karaganda State University, Saryarka Archaeological Institute, Karaganda, Kazakhstan.
⁸ Shejire DNA, Almaty, Kazakhstan.
⁹ Department of Archaeology, Conservation and History, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
¹⁰ Carlsberg Research Laboratory, Copenhagen, Denmark.
¹¹ Department of Theory and Methods, Institute of Archaeology Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.
¹² Department of History, Kyrgyzstan-Turkey Manas University, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan.
¹³ National Academy of Sciences of Kyrgyzstan, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan.
¹⁴ Department of History, Irkutsk State University, Irkutsk, Russia.
¹⁵ A. Kh. Margulan Institute of Archaeology, Almaty, Kazakhstan.
¹⁶ Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Mongolian University of Life Sciences, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia.
¹⁷ Department of Biology, School of Arts and Sciences, National University of Mongolia, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia.
¹⁸ Departament of Biology and Ecology, Tuvan State University, Kyzyl, Russia.
¹⁹ The Explico Foundation, Floro, Norway.
²⁰ Department of Archaeology, Ulaanbaatar State University, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia.
²¹ Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Hashemite University, Zarqa, Jordan.
²² Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.
²³ Unit for Environmental Archaeology and Materials Science, National Museum of Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark.
²⁴ Peter the Great Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography (Kunstkamera) RAS, St. Petersburg, Russia.
²⁵ Archaeological Expertise LLC, Almaty, Kazakhstan.
²⁶ Center for Applied Genomics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
²⁷ Republican Scientific Center of Immunology, Ministry of Public Health, Tashkent, Uzbekistan.
²⁸ Department of Bioengineering, Bioinformatics and Molecular Biology, Russian-Armenian University, Yerevan, Armenia.
²⁹ Complex Research Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Grozny, Russia.
³⁰ Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology, Russian Academy of Science, Moscow, Russia.
³¹ Kostanay Regional Local History Museum, Kostanay, Kazakhstan.
³² Centre for Baltic and Scandinavian Archaeology, Schleswig, Germany.
³³ Laboratory of Ethnogenomics, Institute of Molecular Biology, National Academy of Sciences of Armenia, Yerevan, Armenia.
³⁴ Saxo-Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
³⁵ Center for Archaeological Research, S. Toraighyrov Pavlodar State University, Pavlodar, Kazakhstan.
³⁶ The State Historical and Cultural Reserve-Museum (ISSYK), Almaty, Kazakhstan.
³⁷ Institute of Archeology and Ethnography of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia.
³⁸ University of Arizona, Laboratory of Tree-Ring Research, Tucson, AZ, USA.
³⁹ Institute of Archaeology of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Nitra, Slovakia.
⁴⁰ Institute for History of Medicine and Foreign Languages, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic.
⁴¹ Archaeological Laboratory, Kostanay State University, Kostanay, Kazakhstan.
⁴² Department of Historical Studies, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
⁴³ School of Life Sciences, Center for Evolution and Medicine, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA.
⁴⁴ Institute of History and Cultural Heritage of National Academy of Sciences, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan.
⁴⁵ Institute of Problems Development of the North Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Tyumen, Russia.
⁴⁶ Department of Anthropology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
⁴⁷ Institute of History, Archaeology and Ethnology, Far-Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Ulan-Ude, Russia.
⁴⁸ Institute of Mongolian, Buddhist, and Tibetan Studies, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Ulan-Ude, Russia.
⁴⁹ Laboratoire d'Anthropobiologie Moléculaire et d'Imagerie de Synthèse, Université de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France.
⁵⁰ Departments of Integrative Biology and Statistics, University of Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.
⁵¹ Center for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark. ewillerslev@snm.ku.dk.
⁵² Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK. ewillerslev@snm.ku.dk.
⁵³ Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK. ewillerslev@snm.ku.dk.

PMID: 29743675
DOI: 10.1038/s41586-018-0094-2

Erratum in

Author Correction: 137 ancient human genomes from across the Eurasian steppes.
de Barros Damgaard P, Marchi N, Rasmussen S, Peyrot M, Renaud G, Korneliussen T, Moreno-Mayar JV, Pedersen MW, Goldberg A, Usmanova E, Baimukhanov N, Loman V, Hedeager L, Pedersen AG, Nielsen K, Afanasiev G, Akmatov K, Aldashev A, Alpaslan A, Baimbetov G, Bazaliiskii VI, Beisenov A, Boldbaatar B, Boldgiv B, Dorzhu C, Ellingvag S, Erdenebaatar D, Dajani R, Dmitriev E, Evdokimov V, Frei KM, Gromov A, Goryachev A, Hakonarson H, Hegay T, Khachatryan Z, Khaskhanov R, Kitov E, Kolbina A, Kubatbek T, Kukushkin A, Kukushkin I, Lau N, Margaryan A, Merkyte I, Mertz IV, Mertz VK, Mijiddorj E, Moiyesev V, Mukhtarova G, Nurmukhanbetov B, Orozbekova Z, Panyushkina I, Pieta K, Smrčka V, Shevnina I, Logvin A, Sjogren KG, Štolcova T, Taravella AM, Tashbaeva K, Tkachev A, Tulegenov T, Voyakin D, Yepiskoposyan L, Undrakhbold S, Varfolomeev V, Weber A, Wilson Sayres MA, Kradin N, Allentoft ME, Orlando L, Nielsen R, Sikora M, Heyer E, Kristiansen K, Willerslev E. de Barros Damgaard P, et al. Nature. 2018 Nov;563(7729):E16. doi: 10.1038/s41586-018-0488-1. Nature. 2018. PMID: 30166629

Abstract

For thousands of years the Eurasian steppes have been a centre of human migrations and cultural change. Here we sequence the genomes of 137 ancient humans (about 1× average coverage), covering a period of 4,000 years, to understand the population history of the Eurasian steppes after the Bronze Age migrations. We find that the genetics of the Scythian groups that dominated the Eurasian steppes throughout the Iron Age were highly structured, with diverse origins comprising Late Bronze Age herders, European farmers and southern Siberian hunter-gatherers. Later, Scythians admixed with the eastern steppe nomads who formed the Xiongnu confederations, and moved westward in about the second or third century BC, forming the Hun traditions in the fourth-fifth century AD, and carrying with them plague that was basal to the Justinian plague. These nomads were further admixed with East Asian groups during several short-term khanates in the Medieval period. These historical events transformed the Eurasian steppes from being inhabited by Indo-European speakers of largely West Eurasian ancestry to the mostly Turkic-speaking groups of the present day, who are primarily of East Asian ancestry.

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137 ancient human genomes from across the Eurasian steppes

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137 ancient human genomes from across the Eurasian steppes

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