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à°à°à°²à± (à°à°à°¾à°²à°¿à°¯à°¨à±: Italia, /i'talja/; à°à°à°à±à°²à°: Italy) ఠధిà°à°¾à°°à°¿à° నామఠà°à°à°²à± à°à°£à°¤à°à°¤à±à°°à°.[1][2][3][4] à°¦à°à±à°·à°¿à°£ à°à°°à±à°ªà°¾à°²à±à°¨à°¿ à°¦à±à°¶à°.మధà±à°¯à°§à°°à°¾ సమà±à°¦à±à°°à°¾à°¨à°¿à°à°¿ à°à°¤à±à°¤à°° à°¤à±à°°à°à°²à± à°à°à°¦à°¿. à° à°²à±à°ªà±à°¸à± పరà±à°µà°¤à°¾à°²à°à± à°¦à°à±à°·à°¿à°£à°¦à°¿à°¶à°²à± à°à°à°¦à°¿. à°à°à°²à± à°¯à±à°¨à°¿à°à°°à± పారà±à°²à°®à±à°à°à± విధానఠà°à°²à°¿à°à°¿ à°à°à°¦à°¿. [note 1] మధà±à°¯à°§à°°à°¾ సమà±à°¦à±à°°à° à°¹à±à°¦à°¯à°¸à±à°¥à°¾à°¨à°à°²à± à°à°¨à±à°¨ à°à°à°²à± à°«à±à°°à°¾à°¨à±à°¸à±, à°¸à±à°µà°¿à°à±à°à°°à±à°²à°¾à°à°¡à±, à°à°¸à±à°à±à°°à°¿à°¯à°¾, à°¸à±à°²à±à°µà±à°¨à°¿à°¯à°¾, శానౠమారినà±, వాà°à°¿à°à°¨à± సిà°à±à°²à°¤à± à°à±à°à°¾à° సరిహదà±à°¦à±à°²à°¨à± à°ªà°à°à±à°à±à°à°à±à°à°¦à°¿. à°à°à°²à± à°µà±à°¶à°¾à°²à±à°¯à° 3,01,338 à°.à°à°¿.à°®à±. (116,347 à°à°¦à°°à°ªà± à°®à±à°³à±à°³à±). à°à°¦à°¿ ఠధిఠà°à°¾à°²à°¾à°¨à±à°à±à°£ à°à°·à±à°£à±à°à±à°°à°¤, మధà±à°¯à°§à°°à°¾ వాతావరణఠà°à°²à°¿à°à°¿ à°à°à°¦à°¿. à°¦à±à°¨à°¿ à°à°à°¾à°°à° à°à°¾à°°à°£à°à°à°¾ à°à°à°²à±à°²à± à°à°¦à°¿ లా à°¸à±à°à±à°µà°¾à°²à± (ది à°¬à±à°à±) à°à°¾ పిలà±à°µà°¬à°¡à±à°¤à±à°à°¦à°¿.[5][6] à°¸à±à°®à°¾à°°à± 6o మిలియనà±à°² à°®à°à°¦à°¿ à°ªà±à°°à±à°²à°¤à± à°à°¨à°¸à°à°à±à°¯à°¾à°ªà°°à°à°à°¾ à°à°¦à°¿ à°¯à±à°°à±à°ªà°¿à°¯à°¨à± à°¯à±à°¨à°¿à°¯à°¨à±âలౠమà±à°¡à°µ ఠతి à°ªà±à°¦à±à°¦ à°¦à±à°¶à°à°à°¾ à°à°à°¦à°¿.
Repubblica Italiana (in Italian) రిపబà±à°²à°¿à°à°¾ à°à°à°¾à°²à°¿à°¯à°¾à°¨à°¾ à°à°à°²à± à°à°£à°¤à°à°¤à±à°°à° |
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à°à°¾à°¤à±à°¯à°à±à°¤à° à°à°²à± à°à°¾à°à°à± à°¡à±à°à±à°²à°¿ à°à°à°¾à°²à°¿à°¯à°¾à°¨à°¿ (à°à°¨à±à°¨à± à°¡à°¿ మమà±à°²à±) à°à°à°¾à°²à°¿à°¯à°¨à±à°² à°à±à°¤à° |
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Location of  à°à°à°²à±Â  (dark green) â in à°¯à±à°°à°ªà±Â  (light green & dark grey) |
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à°°à°¾à°à°§à°¾à°¨à°¿ | à°°à±à°®à± 41°54â²N 12°29â²E / 41.900°N 12.483°E | |||||
ఠతి à°ªà±à°¦à±à°¦ à°¨à°à°°à° | à°°à°¾à°à°§à°¾à°¨à°¿ | |||||
ఠధిà°à°¾à°° à°à°¾à°·à°²à± | à°à°à°¾à°²à°¿à°¯à°¨à±1 | |||||
à°ªà±à°°à°à°¾à°¨à°¾à°®à°®à± | à°à°à°¾à°²à°¿à°¯à°¨à± | |||||
à°ªà±à°°à°à±à°¤à±à°µà° | పారà±à°²à°®à±à°à°à°°à± రిపబà±à°²à°¿à°à± | |||||
 - | à° à°§à±à°¯à°à±à°·à±à°¡à± | సరà±à°à°¿à°¯à± à°®à°à±à°à°¾à°°à±à°²à±à°²à°¾ | ||||
 - | à°ªà±à°°à°§à°¾à°¨ à°®à°à°¤à±à°°à°¿ | à°à°¾à°°à±à°à°¿à°¯à°¾ à°®à±à°²à±à°¨à°¿ | ||||
à°¸à±à°¥à°¾à°ªà°¨ | ||||||
 - | à°à°à±à°à°°à°£ | 17 మారà±à°à°¿ 1861 | ||||
 - | రిపబà±à°²à°¿à°à± | 2 à°à±à°¨à± 1946 | ||||
Accession to the European Union |
25 మారà±à°à°¿ 1957 (à°¸à±à°¥à°¾à°ªà° à°¸à°à±à°¯à±à°¡à±) | |||||
 - | à°à°²à°¾à°²à±Â (%) | 2.4 | ||||
à°à°¨à°¾à°à°¾ | ||||||
 - | 1 మారà±à°à°¿ 2008 ఠà°à°à°¨à°¾ | 59,829,710[7] (23వది) | ||||
 - | à° à°à±à°à±à°¬à°°à± 2001 à°à°¨ à°à°£à°¨ | 57,110,144 | ||||
à°à±à°¡à±à°ªà±Â (PPP) | 2007 ఠà°à°à°¨à°¾ | |||||
 - | à°®à±à°¤à±à°¤à° | $1,787 à°à±à°°à°¿à°²à°¿à°¯à°¨à±à°²à±[8] (10వది) | ||||
 - | తలసరి | $30,365[8] (IMF) (25వది) | ||||
à°à±à°¡à±à°ªà± (nominal) | 2007 ఠà°à°à°¨à°¾ | |||||
 - | à°®à±à°¤à±à°¤à° | $2,104 à°à±à°°à°¿à°²à°¿à°¯à°¨à±à°²à±[8] (7వది) | ||||
 - | తలసరి | $35,745[8] (IMF) (20వది) | ||||
à°à°¿à°¨à±? (2000) | 36 (medium) | |||||
మా.సౠ(à°¹à±à°à±.à°¡à°¿.à°) (2005) | 0.941 (high) (20వది) | |||||
à°à°°à±à°¨à±à°¸à± | à°¯à±à°°à± (â¬)2 (EUR ) |
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à°à°¾à°²à°¾à°à°¶à° | CET (UTC+1) | |||||
 - | à°µà±à°¸à°µà°¿Â (DST) | CEST (UTC+2) | ||||
à°à°à°à°°à±à°¨à±à°à± à°¡à±à°®à±à°¨à± à°à±à°¡à± | .it3 | |||||
à°à°¾à°²à°¿à°à°à± à°à±à°¡à± | +39 | |||||
1 | French language is co-official in the Aosta Valley; Friulian language is co-official in Friuli-Venezia Giulia; German language and Ladin are co-official in the province of Bolzano-Bozen; Sardinian language is co-official in Sardinia. | |||||
2 | Before 2002, the Italian lira. The euro is accepted in Campione d'Italia (but the official currency is the Swiss Franc).[9] | |||||
3 | The .eu domain is also used, as it is shared with other European Union member states. |
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à°ªà±à°°à°¸à±à°¤à±à°¤à° à°à°à°²à±à°²à± à°¯à±à°°à±à°à±à°¨à±à°²à± నామినలౠà°à°¿.à°¡à°¿.పి.సాధనలౠమà±à°¡à°µ à°¸à±à°¥à°¾à°¨à°à°²à±, à°ªà±à°°à°ªà°à°à°à°²à± à°à°¨à°¿à°®à°¿à°¦à°µ à°¸à±à°¥à°¾à°¨à°à°²à± à°à°à°¦à°¿. à°à° à°à°§à±à°¨à°¿à° à°à°°à±à°¥à°¿à° à°µà±à°¯à°µà°¸à±à°¥à°à°¾ à°à°¾à°¤à±à°¯ à°¸à°à°ªà°¦à°²à± à°à°à°²à± à°ªà±à°°à°ªà°à°à°à°²à± à°à°°à°µ à°¸à±à°¥à°¾à°¨à°à°²à± à°à°à°¦à°¿. à°à°à°²à± à°à±à°à°¦à±à°° à°¬à±à°¯à°¾à°à°à± à°¬à°à°à°¾à°°à± నిలà±à°µà°²à± à°®à±à°¡à°µ à°¸à±à°¥à°¾à°¨à°à°²à± à°à°à°¦à°¿. à°à°à°²à± మానవాà°à°¿à°µà±à°¦à±à°§à°¿ à°à°¾à°²à°¾ à°à°¨à±à°¨à°¤ à°¸à±à°¥à°¾à°¯à°¿à°¨à°¿ à°à°²à°¿à°à°¿ à°à°à°¦à°¿. à°à°¦à°¿ à°à°¯à±à°à°ªà±à°°à°®à°¾à°£à°à°²à± à°ªà±à°°à°ªà°à°à°à°²à± à°à°°à°µ à°¸à±à°¥à°¾à°¨à°à°²à± à°à°à°¦à°¿. à°¦à±à°¶à° à°ªà±à°°à°¾à°à°¤à±à°¯, à°ªà±à°°à°ªà°à° à°à°°à±à°¥à°¿à°, à°¸à±à°¨à°¿à°, సాà°à°¸à±à°à±à°¤à°¿à°, à°¦à±à°¤à±à°¯ à°µà±à°¯à°µà°¹à°¾à°°à°¾à°²à±à°²à± à°ªà±à°°à°®à±à° పాతà±à°° à°ªà±à°·à°¿à°¸à±à°¤à±à°à°¦à°¿. à°à°¦à°¿ à°à° à°ªà±à°°à°¾à°à°¤à±à°¯ à°¶à°à±à°¤à°¿à°à°¾,[20][21] à°à° à°à±à°ªà±à°ª ఠధిà°à°¾à°°à°¶à°à±à°¤à°¿à°à°¾ [22][23] నిలà±à°¸à±à°¤à±à°à°¦à°¿.
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à°à°à°²à± ఠనౠపà±à°°à± à°à°à°²à± à° à°à°à± à°à°ªà±à°ªà±à°¡à± à°¦à°à±à°·à°¿à°£ à°à°à°²à±à°²à± à°à°¾à°à°¾à°¨à°¿à°à°¿ మాతà±à°°à°®à± వరà±à°¤à°¿à°¸à±à°¤à±à°à°¦à°¿. సిరà°à±à°¯à±à°¸à±âà°à± à°à±à°à°¦à°¿à°¨ à°à°à°à°¿à°¯à±à°à°¸à±, à°¬à±à°°à±à°à°¿à°¯à° à°¦à±à°µà±à°ªà°à°²à±à°ªà° à°¦à°à±à°·à°¿à°£ à°à°¾à°à° (à°à°§à±à°¨à°¿à° à°à°¾à°²à°¾à°¬à±à°°à°¿à°¯à°¾: à°°à±à°à±à°à°¿à°¯à± à°ªà±à°°à°¾à°µà°¿à°¨à±à°¸à±,, à°à°¾à°à°¾à°¨à±à°à°¾à°°à±, విబా వాలà±à°à°à°¿à°¯à°¾ రాషà±à°à±à°°à°¾à°²à°²à± à°à°¾à°à°). à°à°¾à°¨à± à°à°¯à°¨ సమయమà±à°²à± à°à°¨à±à°¯à±à°à±à°°à°¿à°¯à°¾, à°à°à°²à± పరà±à°¯à°¾à°¯à°ªà°¦à°à°à°¾ మారిà°à°¦à°¿. à° à°ªà±à°°à± à°²à±à°à°¾à°¨à°¿à°¯à°¾à°²à± à°à°¾à°²à°¾ వరà°à± వరà±à°¤à°¿à°à°à°¬à°¡à°¿à°à°¦à°¿. à°à±à°°à±à°à±à°²à± à°à±à°°à°®à°à°à°¾ "à°à°à°¾à°²à°¿à°¯à°¾" ఠనౠపà±à°°à±à°¨à± à°ªà±à°¦à±à°¦ à°ªà±à°°à°¾à°à°¤à°¾à°²à°à± వరà±à°¤à°¿à°à°ªà°à±à°¸à±à°¤à± à°µà°à±à°à°¾à°°à±. ఠయితౠà°à°¦à°¿ à°à°²à±à°ªà°¸à± వరà°à± à°®à±à°¤à±à°¤à° à°¦à±à°µà±à°ªà°à°²à±à°ªà°¾à°à°²à± విసà±à°¤à°°à°¿à°à°à°¿à°à°¦à°¿. à°à°¦à°¿ à°à°à°¸à±à°à°¸à± à°à°à±à°°à°µà°°à±à°¤à°¿ (à°à±à°°à±.పౠ1 à°µ శతాబà±à°¦à° à°à°¿à°µà°°à°¿ నాà°à°¿à°à°¿) పాలనలౠà°à°à°¦à°¿. [30]
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à°ªà±à°¨à°°à±à°à±à°à±à°µà°¨à° సమయà°à°²à± సరిà°à±à°¤à±à°¤ à°à°à°²à± à°¸à°à°¸à±à°à±à°¤à°¿ à°ªà±à°°à°¾à°°à°à°à°¾à°¨à°¿à°à°¿ వాణిà°à±à°¯à°¨à°à°°à°¾à°²à°²à± à°à±à°à°¦à±à°°à±à°à±à°¤à°®à±à°¨ à°¸à°à°ªà°¦, à°à°³à°¾à°ªà±à°·à°à±à°²à±à°¨ à°à°¨à±à°¨à°¤ à°à±à°à±à°à°¬à°¾à°²à±,[48] à°à±à°°à±à°à± à°ªà°à°¡à°¿à°¤à±à°² వలసలà±, à°à°à±à°à±à°®à°¨à± à°à°°à±à°à±à°¸à± à°à°¾à°¨à±à°¸à±à°à°¾à°à°à°¿à°¨à±à°ªà±à°²à± à°®à±à°¦ విà°à°¯à°à°¸à°¾à°§à°¿à°à°à°¡à° à°à°§à°¾à°°à°à°à°¾ à°à°à°¡à°¸à°¾à°à°¾à°¯à°¿. . [49][50][51] 16 à°µ శతాబà±à°¦à° మధà±à°¯à°²à± à°à°à°²à± à°ªà±à°¨à°°à±à°à±à°à±à°µà°¨à° శిà°à°°à°¾à°à±à°°à° à°à±à°°à±à°à±à°¨à°¿ విదà±à°¶à± à°¦à°à°¡à°¯à°¾à°¤à±à°°à°²à± à°à°à°¾à°²à°¿à°¯à°¨à± à°¯à±à°¦à±à°§à°¾à°² à°¸à°à°à±à°·à±à°à°à°²à±à°à°¿ దిà°à°à°¾à°°à°¿à°ªà±à°µà°à°à°¤à± à° à°à°¿à°µà±à°¦à±à°§à°¿à°²à± à°à±à°·à±à°£à°¤ à°®à±à°¦à°²à±à°à°¦à°¿.
à°®à±à°¡à°¿à°¸à°¿ à°«à±à°²à±à°°à±à°¨à±à°¸à± à°ªà±à°°à°®à±à° à°à±à°à±à°à°¬à°à°à°¾ మారిà°à°¦à°¿, మిలనౠవిసà±à°à±à°à°à°¿, à°¸à±à°«à±à°°à±à°à°¾, à°«à±à°°à°¾à°°à°¾ à°à°¸à±à°à±, à°«à±à°°à°¾à°°à°¾ à°à±à°¨à±à°à°à°¾ à°µà°à°à°¿ à°à°à°²à± à°à°¤à°° à°à±à°à±à°à°¬à°¾à°²à°¤à± పాà°à± à°à°à°²à± à°ªà±à°¨à°°à±à°à±à°à±à°µà°¨à° [48][52] సాధిà°à°à°¾à°¯à°¿. లియà±à°¨à°¾à°°à±à°¡à± à°¡à°¾ వినà±à°¸à±, à°¬à±à°°à±à°¨à±à°²à±à°²à±à°¸à°¿à°à°¿, à°¬à±à°à°¿à°¸à±à°²à±à°²à°¿, à°®à±à°à±à°²à°¾à°à°à±à°²à±, à°à°¿à°¯à±à°à±à°à±, à°¡à±à°¨à°¾à°à±à°²à±à°²à±, à°à°¿à°à°¿à°¯à°¨à±, రాఫà±à°²à± à°µà°à°à°¿ à°à±à°ªà±à°ª à°à°³à°¾à°à°¾à°°à±à°²à± à°ªà±à°°à±à°°à°£à°¾à°¤à±à°®à°à°®à±à°¨ à°°à°à°¨à°²à°¨à± à°¸à±à°·à±à°à°¿à°à°à°¾à°°à±. వారి à°à°¿à°¤à±à°°à°²à±à°à°¨à° వాసà±à°¤à°µà°¿à°à°à°à°¾ à°à°¨à°¿à°ªà°¿à°à°à°¿à°à°¦à°¿, వారి పాలరాతి విà°à±à°°à°¹à°¾à°²à±, à°à±à°¨à±à°¨à°¿à°¸à°¾à°°à±à°²à± సాà°à°ªà±à°°à°¦à°¾à°¯ à°ªà±à°°à°¾à°à±à°¨à°¤à°¤à±à°¤à±à°µà°¾à°¨à±à°¨à°¿ à°ªà±à°°à°¤à°¿à°¬à°¿à°à°¬à°¿à°à°à°¾à°¯à°¿. మానవవాద à°à°°à°¿à°¤à±à°°à°à°¾à°°à±à°¡à± లియà±à°¨à°¾à°°à±à°¡à± à°¬à±à°°à±à°¨à°¿ à°ªà±à°°à°¾à°¤à°¨ à°à°¾à°²à°, మధà±à°¯à°¯à±à° à°à°¾à°²à°, à°à°§à±à°¨à°¿à° à°à°¾à°²à°à°²à± à°à°°à°¿à°¤à±à°°à°¨à± విà°à°à°¿à°à°à°¾à°¡à±.[53] à°ªà±à°¨à°°à±à°à±à°à±à°µà°¨à±à°¦à±à°¯à°®à° à°à°²à±à°à°¨à°²à±, à°à°¦à°°à±à°¶à°¾à°² à°µà±à°à°à°¨à± à°à°¤à±à°¤à°° à°à°°à±à°ªà°¾, à°«à±à°°à°¾à°¨à±à°¸à±, à°à°à°à±à°²à°¾à°à°¡à±, à°¯à±à°°à°ªà±âలౠవిసà±à°¤à°°à°¿à°à°à°¿à°à°¦à°¿. ఠమధà±à°¯à°à°¾à°²à°à°²à± à°ªà±à°°à±à°à±à°à±à°¸à±, à°à°à±à°à±à°®à°¨à± సామà±à°°à°¾à°à±à°¯à° à°à°µà°¿à°°à±à°à°¾à°µà° à°à°¸à°¿à°¯à°¾à°²à± à°à±à°¤à±à°¤ మారà±à°à°¾à°²à°¨à± à°à°¨à±à°à±à°¨à±à°¨à°¦à°¿. à°¤à±à°°à±à°ªà±à°¦à±à°¶à°¾à°²à°¤à± వాణిà°à±à°¯ à°¸à°à°¬à°à°§à°¾à°²à±à°²à± సాà°à°ªà±à°°à°¦à°¾à°¯à°¿à°à°à°à°¾ à°à°¨à±à°¨ à°à°à°¾à°²à°¿à°¯à°¨à± à°à°§à°¿à°ªà°¤à±à°¯à° à°à°à°²à± వనరà±à°²à°à± à°®à±à°²à°¾à°§à°¾à°°à° à°à°¾à°µà°¡à°à°¤à± ఠపరిణామాలౠదà±à°µà±à°ªà°à°²à±à°ªà°à°²à± à°¸à±à°¦à±à°°à±à° à°à°°à±à°¥à°¿à° తిరà±à°à°®à°¨à°¾à°¨à±à°¨à°¿ à°à°²à°¿à°à°¿à°à°à°¾à°¯à°¿.
à°«à±à°°à°¾à°¨à±à°¸à±, à°¸à±à°ªà±à°¯à°¿à°¨à±à°² మధà±à°¯ à°ªà±à°à± à°à°¾à°°à°£à°à°à°¾ à°ªà±à°°à±à°°à±à°ªà°¿à°à°à°¬à°¡à°¿à°¨ à°à°à°²à± à°¯à±à°¦à±à°§à°¾à°² (1494 à°¨à±à°à°¡à°¿ 1559 వరà°à±) à°à°¾à°°à°£à°à°à°¾ à°¨à°à°°-à°°à°¾à°à±à°¯à°¾à°²à± à°à±à°°à°®à°à°à°¾ తమ à°¸à±à°µà°¾à°¤à°à°¤à±à°°à±à°¯à°¾à°¨à±à°¨à°¿ à°à±à°²à±à°ªà±à°¯à°¾à°¯à°¿. à°¸à±à°ªà±à°¯à°¿à°¨à± (1559 à°¨à±à°à°¡à°¿ 1713 వరà°à±), ఠతరà±à°µà°¾à°¤ à°à°¸à±à°à±à°°à°¿à°¯à°¾ (1713 à°¨à±à°à°¡à°¿ 1796 వరà°à±) విదà±à°¶à± à°à°§à°¿à°ªà°¤à±à°¯à°à°²à±à°à°¿ à°µà°à±à°à°¾à°¯à°¿. 1629-1631లౠపà±à°²à±à°à± à°µà±à°¯à°¾à°ªà°¿à°à°à°¡à°à°¤à± à°à°à°²à± à°à°¨à°¾à°à°¾à°²à± 14% మరణిà°à°à°¾à°°à±.[54] ఠదనà°à°à°¾ 17 à°µ శతాబà±à°¦à°à°²à± à°¸à±à°ªà°¾à°¨à°¿à°·à± సామà±à°°à°¾à°à±à°¯à° à°à±à°·à±à°£à°¿à°à°à°¡à° à°®à±à°¦à°²à±à°à°¦à°¿. à°¨à±à°ªà±à°²à±à°¸à±, సిసిలà±, సారà±à°¡à°¿à°¨à°¿à°¯à°¾, మిలనà±âలలౠà°à±à°¡à°¾ దాని à°à°¸à±à°¤à±à°²à± à°à°¨à±à°¨à°¾à°¯à°¿. à°ªà±à°°à°¤à±à°¯à±à°à°¿à°à°à°¿ à°¦à°à±à°·à°¿à°£ à°à°à°²à± à°à°°à±à°ªà°¾à°²à± à°¦à±à°¨à°¿ à°ªà±à°°à°à°¾à°µà° ఠధిà°à°®à±à°à°¦à°¿.[55]
18 à°µ శతాబà±à°¦à°à°²à± à°¸à±à°ªà°¾à°¨à°¿à°·à± వారసతà±à°µ à°¯à±à°¦à±à°§à° ఫలితà°à°à°¾ à°à°¸à±à°à±à°°à°¿à°¯à°¾ à°à°§à°¿à°ªà°¤à±à°¯à° వహిà°à°à°¿ విదà±à°¶à± à°¶à°à±à°¤à°¿à°à°¾ మారిà°à°¦à°¿. ఠదౠసమయà°à°²à± à°¹à±à°¸à± à°à°«à± సావà±à°¯à± à°ªà±à°°à°¾à°à°¤à±à°¯ à°¶à°à±à°¤à°¿à°à°¾ పిడà±à°®à±à°à°à±, సారà±à°¡à°¿à°¨à°¿à°¯à°¾à°à± విసà±à°¤à°°à°¿à°à°à°¿à°à°¦à°¿. à°°à±à°à°¡à± శతాబà±à°¦à°¾à°²à± à°¸à±à°¦à±à°°à±à° తిరà±à°à°®à°¨à° తరà±à°µà°¾à°¤ ఠశతాబà±à°¦à°¿à°²à± à° à°¨à±à° à°°à°¾à°à±à°¯à°¾à°²à±à°²à± à° à°¨à±à°¸à°°à°¿à°à°à°¿à°¨ à°à°°à±à°¥à°¿à° à°¸à°à°¸à±à°à°°à°£à°²à°à± à°à°¨à±à°¨à°¤ పాలà°à°µà°°à±à°à°¾à°²à± à° à°à°¤à°°à°¾à°¯à° à°à°²à°¿à°à°¿à°à°à°¾à°¯à°¿.[56] à°¨à±à°ªà±à°²à°¿à°¯à°¨à± à°¯à±à°¦à±à°§à°¾à°² సమయà°à°²à± à°à°¤à±à°¤à°° మధà±à°¯ à°à°à°²à± à°à°à°²à± à°¨à±à°¤à°¨ à°°à°¾à°à±à°¯à°à°à°¾ à°«à±à°°à±à°à°à± సామà±à°°à°¾à°à±à°¯à° సామà°à°¤ రాషà±à°à±à°°à°à°à°¾ à°à°à±à°°à°®à°¿à°à°à°¬à°¡à°¿ à°ªà±à°¨à°°à±à°µà±à°¯à°µà°¸à±à°¥à±à°à°°à°¿à°à°à°¬à°¡à°¿à°à°¦à°¿.[57] à°¦à±à°à°¤à± à°¦à±à°µà±à°ªà°à°²à±à°ªà° à°¦à°à±à°·à°¿à°£ à°à°¾à°à°à°²à± à°¨à±à°ªà±à°²à°¿à°¯à°¨à± à°¸à±à°¦à°°à±à°¡à± à°à±à°à°¿à° à°®à±à°°à°¾à°à± à°¨à±à°ªà±à°²à±à°¸à± à°°à°¾à°à±à°à°¾ à°à°¿à°°à±à°à° ధరిà°à°à°¾à°¡à±. 1814లౠవియనà±à°¨à°¾ à°à°¾à°à°à±à°°à±à°¸à± 18 à°µ శతాబà±à°¦à° à°à°¿à°µà°°à°¿à°²à± పరిసà±à°¥à°¿à°¤à°¿à°¨à°¿ à°ªà±à°¨à°°à±à°¦à±à°§à°°à°¿à°à°à°¿à°à°¦à°¿. à°à°¾à°¨à± à°«à±à°°à±à°à°à± విపà±à°²à°µà° à°à°¦à°°à±à°¶à°¾à°²à°¨à± నిరà±à°®à±à°²à°¿à°à°à°²à±à°¦à±.
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à°à°à°²à± à°à°¾à°¤à±à°¯à°µà°¾à°¦à±à°²à±, సామà±à°°à°¾à°à±à°¯à°µà°¾à°¦à±à°²à± " à°¹à±à°¸à± à°à°«à± సావà±à°¯à± " విశà±à°µà°¾à°¸à±à°²à± à°®à±à°¤à±à°¤à° à°à°à°¾à°²à°¿à°¯à°¨à± à°¦à±à°µà±à°ªà°à°²à±à°ª à°¦à±à°¶à°¾à°²à°¨à± సమà±à°à±à°¯à° à°à±à°¸à°¿ à°à°à±à°¯ à°°à°¾à°à±à°¯à°®à±à°¨à± à°¸à±à°¥à°¾à°ªà°¿à°à°à°¡à°¾à°¨à°¿à°à°¿ à°à±à°¸à°¿à°¨ à°ªà±à°°à°¯à°¤à±à°¨à°¾à°² ఫలితà°à°à°¾ à°à°à°²à± à°°à°¾à°à±à°¯à° à°ªà±à°à±à°à±à° à°¸à°à°à°µà°¿à°à°à°¿à°à°¦à°¿. 1848 నాà°à°¿ లిబరలౠవిపà±à°²à°µà°¾à°²à± à°à°°à±à°ªà°¾à°²à± విసà±à°¤à°°à°¿à°à°à°¿ à°à°¸à±à°à±à°°à°¿à°¯à°¾à°ªà± విà°à°¯à°µà°à°¤à°à°à°¾à°¨à°¿ à°¯à±à°¦à±à°§à° à°ªà±à°°à°à°à°¿à°à°à°¬à°¡à°¿à°à°¦à°¿. 1859 లౠసరà±à°¦à°¿à°¨à°¿à°¯à°¾ సామà±à°°à°¾à°à±à°¯à° మళà±à°²à± à°à°¸à±à°à±à°°à°¿à°¯à°¾ సామà±à°°à°¾à°à±à°¯à° à°®à±à°¦ " à°°à±à°à°¡à°µ à°à°à°¾à°²à°¿à°¯à°¨à± à°¯à±à°¦à±à°§à° " à°à±à°¸à°¿à°à°¦à°¿. à°«à±à°°à°¾à°¨à±à°¸à±âà°à± సహాయఠà°à±à°¯à°¡à°à°¤à± లాà°à°¬à°¾à°°à±à°¡à±à°¨à°¿à°à°¿ à°¸à±à°µà±à°à±à°à°²à°à°¿à°à°à°¿à°à°¦à°¿.
1860-1861 లౠà°à°§à±à°¨à°¿à° à°à°¾à°²à°¾à°²à°²à± à°à±à°ªà±à°ª à°à°¨à°°à°²à±âà°à°¾ పరిà°à°£à°¿à°à°à°¬à°¡à±à°¤à±à°¨à±à°¨ à°à°à°²à± "ఫాదరౠà°à°«à± ఫాదరౠà°à°«à± ఫాదరà±à°¸à±" à°à°¿à°¯à±à°¸à±à°ªà± à°à°¾à°°à°¿à°¬à°¾à°²à±à°¡à°¿ నాయà°à°¤à±à°µà°à°²à± à°¨à±à°ªà±à°²à±à°¸à±, సిసిలౠసమà±à°à±à°¯à°ªà°°à°à°¡à°¾à°¨à°¿à°à°¿ à°à±à°¸à°¿à°¨ à°ªà±à°°à°¯à°¤à±à°¨à° [60] 1860-1861లౠà°à°¨à°°à°²à± à°à°¿à°¯à±à°¸à±à°ªà± à°à°¾à°°à°¿à°¬à°¾à°²à±à°¡à°¿ 1861 మారà±à°à°¿ 17 లౠà°à±à°à°à± à°à°«à± à°à°¾à°µà±à°°à± à°¨à±à°¤à±à°¤à±à°µà° à°¯à±à°¨à±à°à±à°¡à± à°à°à°¾à°²à°¿à°¯à°¨à± సామà±à°°à°¾à°à±à°¯à°¾à°¨à±à°¨à°¿ à°ªà±à°°à°à°à°¿à°à°à°¡à°¾à°¨à°¿à°à°¿ సినారà±à°¡à± à°ªà±à°°à°à±à°¤à±à°µà° à° à°à°à±à°à°°à°¿à°à°à°¡à° à°¨à±à°ªà±à°²à±à°¸à±, సిసిలà±à°²à± à°à°à±à°à°°à°£à°à± దారితà±à°¸à°¿à°à°¦à°¿.à°à°¸à±à°à±à°°à±- పరà±à°·à°¿à°¯à°¨à± à°¯à±à°¦à±à°§à° సమయà°à°²à± పరà±à°·à°¿à°¯à°¾à°¤à± విà°à±à°à°°à± à°à°®à°¾à°¨à±à°¯à±à°¯à±à°²à± à°¸à±à°¨à°¿à° à°®à±à°¤à±à°°à°¿ à°à°°à±à°ªà°°à°à±à°à±à°¨à±à°¨à°¾à°¡à±.à°®à±à°¡à°µ à°à°à°¾à°²à°¿à°¯à°¨à± à°¸à±à°µà°¾à°¤à°à°¤à±à°°à±à°¯ à°¯à±à°¦à±à°§à° తరà±à°µà°¾à°¤ à°à°à°²à± à°µà±à°¨à±à°à°¾à°¨à± విలà±à°¨à° à°à±à°¸à±à°à±à°à°¦à°¿.1870లౠà°à±à°à°°à°®à±à°¨ à°«à±à°°à°¾à°à°à±- పరà±à°·à°¿à°¯à°¨à± à°¯à±à°¦à±à°§à°à°²à± à°à°¿à°µà°°à°¿à°à°¿ à°«à±à°°à°¾à°¨à±à°¸à± à°°à±à°à°²à± à°¸à±à°¨à±à°¯à°¾à°²à°¨à± à°µà±à°¨à±à°à°à± à°¤à±à°¸à±à°à±à°à°¦à°¿. à°à°à°²à± à°°à°¾à°à°à±à°¯ à°¶à±à°¨à±à°¯à°¤à°¨à± à°à°§à°¾à°°à°à°à°¾ à°à±à°¸à±à°à±à°¨à°¿ " పాపలౠరాà°à±à°¯à°¾à°²à°¨à± " à°¸à±à°µà°¾à°§à±à°¨à° à°à±à°¸à±à°à±à°à°¦à°¿.
సరà±à°¦à°¿à°¨à°¿à°¯à°¾ à°°à°¾à°à±à°¯à° à°°à°¾à°à±à°¯à°¾à°à° à°à°à±à°à° 1848 నాà°à°¿ à° à°²à±à°¬à±à°°à±à°à±à°¨à± శాసనఠ1861 లౠà°à°à°²à± à°°à°¾à°à±à°¯à° à° à°à°¤à°à°¾ విసà±à°¤à°°à°¿à°à°à°¿à°à°¦à°¿. à°à±à°¤à±à°¤ à°°à°¾à°à±à°¯à° à°ªà±à°°à°¾à°¥à°®à°¿à° à°¸à±à°µà±à°à±à°à°²à°¨à± à° à°à°¦à°¿à°à°à°¿à°à°¦à°¿, à°à°¾à°¨à°¿ à°à°¨à±à°¨à°¿à°à°² à°à°à±à°à°¾à°²à± నిరà°à±à°·à°°à°¾à°¸à±à°¯à±à°²à°¨à± à°à°à± à°¹à°à±à°à± à°¨à±à°à°¡à°¿ మినహాయిà°à°à°¾à°¯à°¿. à°¨à±à°¤à°¨ సామà±à°°à°¾à°à±à°¯à° à°ªà±à°°à°à±à°¤à±à°µà° లిబరలౠఫà±à°°à±à°¸à±à°¸à± à°à°§à±à°µà°°à±à°¯à°à°²à± పారà±à°²à°®à±à°à°à°°à± à°°à°¾à°à±à°¯à°¾à°à° à°°à°¾à°à°°à°¿à°à° à°µà±à°¯à°µà°¸à±à°¥ ఠమలౠà°à±à°¸à°¿à°à°¦à°¿ . 1913 లౠపà±à°°à±à°· సారà±à°µà°¤à±à°°à°¿à° à°à°à± à°¹à°à±à°à±à°¨à± à°¸à±à°µà±à°à°°à°¿à°à°à°¾à°°à±. à°à°¤à±à°¤à°° à°à°à°²à± à°¤à±à°µà°°à°¿à°¤à°à°¤à°¿ పారిశà±à°°à°¾à°®à°¿à°à°à°à°¾ à° à°à°¿à°µà±à°¦à±à°§à°¿ à°à±à°à°¦à°¡à°à°¤à± à°¦à°à±à°·à°¿à°£à°ªà±à°°à°¾à°à°¤à°à°²à± à°à±à°°à°¾à°®à±à°£ à°ªà±à°°à°¾à°à°¤à°¾à°²à± à° à°à°¿à°µà±à°¦à±à°§à°¿ à°à±à°à°¦à°¿ ఠధిఠà°à°¨à°¾à°à°¾à°¨à± à°à°²à°¿à°à°¿ à°à°¨à±à°¨à°¾à°¯à°¿. à°²à°à±à°·à°²à°¾à°¦à°¿ à°®à°à°¦à°¿ à°ªà±à°°à±à°²à± విదà±à°¶à°¾à°²à°à± తరలివà±à°³à±à°²à°¾à°°à±. à°à°à°²à± à°¸à±à°·à°²à°¿à°¸à±à°à± పారà±à°à± బలà°à°à°¾ à°ªà±à°°à°¿à°à°¿à°à°¦à°¿. సాà°à°ªà±à°°à°¦à°¾à°¯à°¿à° à°à°¦à°¾à°°à°µà°¾à°¦, సాà°à°ªà±à°°à°¦à°¾à°¯à°¿à° à°¸à±à°¥à°¾à°ªà°¨à°à± సవాలౠà°à°¦à±à°°à±à°à°¦à°¿. 19 à°µ శతాబà±à°¦à° à°à°¿à°µà°°à°¿ à°°à±à°à°¡à± దశాబà±à°¦à°¾à°² à°¨à±à°à°à°¿ à°à°à°²à± à°à° సామà±à°°à°¾à°à±à°¯à°µà°¾à°¦ à°¶à°à±à°¤à°¿à°à°¾ à° à°à°¿à°µà±à°¦à±à°§à°¿ à°à±à°à°¦à°¿à°à°¦à°¿. à°¸à±à°®à°¾à°²à°¿à°¯à°¾, à°à°°à°¿à°à±à°°à°¿à°¯à°¾, తరà±à°µà°¾à°¤ లిబియా, దాని పాలనలౠà°à°¨à±à°¨ డాడà±à°à°¾à°¨à±à°¸à±à°²à°¨à± బలవà°à°¤à°à°à°¾ à°à°à°²à± పాలనలà±à°à°¿ మారాయి.[61]
à°à°à°²à±, à°à°°à±à°®à°¨à± సామà±à°°à°¾à°à±à°¯à°, à°à°¸à±à°à±à°°à°¿à°¯à°¾-à°¹à°à°à±à°°à°¿ సామà±à°°à°¾à°à±à°¯à°à°¤à± à°à±à°°à°¿à°ªà±à°²à± à°à±à°à°®à°¿à°²à± నామమాతà±à°°à°à°à°¾ à°¸à°à°¬à°à°§à° à°à°²à°¿à°à°¿ à°à°à°¦à°¿. 1915 లౠమితà±à°°à°°à°¾à°à±à°¯à°¾à°²à± à°à°£à°¨à±à°¯à°®à±à°¨ à°ªà±à°°à°¾à°¦à±à°¶à°¿à° లాà°à°¾à°² వాà°à±à°¦à°¾à°¨à°à°¤à± à°¯à±à°¦à±à°§à°à°²à±à°à°¿ à°à±à°°à°¾à°¯à°¿. à°à°à°¦à±à°²à± పశà±à°à°¿à°® à°à°¨à±à°¨à°°à± à°à°¾à°°à±à°¨à°¿à°¯à±à°²à°¾, మాà°à± à°à°¸à±à°à±à°°à°¿à°¯à°¨à± లిà°à±à°°à°¾à°²à±, డాలà±à°®à°¾à°à°¿à°¯à°¾, à°à°à±à°à±à°®à°¨à± సామà±à°°à°¾à°à±à°¯à° à°à°¾à°à°¾à°²à± à°à°¨à±à°¨à°¾à°¯à°¿. à°à°à°²à± à°¸à±à°¨à±à°¯à° à°à°²à±à°«à±à°¸à±âలౠసà±à°¦à±à°°à±à° à°¯à±à°¦à±à°§à°à°²à± à°à±à°à°à±à° à°ªà±à°°à±à°à°¤à°¿ సాధిà°à°à°¿, à°à°¾à°°à± నషà±à°à°¾à°²à°¨à± à°à°¦à±à°°à±à°à±à°à°¦à°¿. à°¯à±à°¦à±à°§à° à°®à±à°¦à° à° à°¸à°à°ªà±à°°à±à°¤à°¿à°à°¾ à°à°à°¦à°¿. à°à°¿à°µà°°à°¿à°à°¿ 1918 à° à°à±à°à±à°¬à°°à±à°²à± à°à°à°¾à°²à°¿à°¯à°¨à±à°²à± à°à°¾à°°à± దాడిని à°ªà±à°°à°¾à°°à°à°à°¿à°à°à°¾à°°à±. à°¯à±à°¦à±à°§à°à°²à± విà°à±à°à±à°°à°¿à°¯à± à°µà±à°¨à±à°à± విà°à°¯à° సాధిà°à°à°¾à°°à±. à°à°à°¾à°²à°¿à°¯à°¨à± విà°à°¯à°à°¤à± [62][63][64] à°à°à°²à± à°«à±à°°à°à°à±à°²à± à°à°°à°¿à°à°¿à°¨ à°¯à±à°¦à±à°§à° à°®à±à°à°¿à°¸à°¿à°à°¦à°¿. à°à°¸à±à°à±à°°à±-à°¹à°à°à±à°°à°¿à°¯à°¨à± సామà±à°°à°¾à°à±à°¯à° à°°à°¦à±à°¦à± ఠయి à°®à±à°¦à°à°¿ à°ªà±à°°à°ªà°à° à°¯à±à°¦à±à°§à°¾à°¨à±à°¨à°¿ à°°à±à°à°¡à± వారాల తరà±à°µà°¾à°¤ à°®à±à°à°¿à°à°à°¡à°à°²à± à°ªà±à°°à°§à°¾à°¨ పాతà±à°° à°ªà±à°·à°¿à°à°à°¿à°à°¦à°¿.
à°¯à±à°¦à±à°§ సమయà°à°²à± 6,50,000 à°à°à°à± à°à°à±à°à±à°µ à°à°à°¾à°²à°¿à°¯à°¨à± à°¸à±à°¨à°¿à°à±à°²à±, à° à°¨à±à° à°®à°à°¦à°¿ à°ªà±à°°à±à°²à± మరణిà°à°à°¾à°°à±,[65] à°°à°¾à°à±à°¯à° దివాలా à° à°à°à±à°à± à°µà±à°³à±à°³à°¿à°à°¦à°¿. à°¸à±à°¯à°¿à°à°à±-à°à°°à±à°®à±à°¨à± రాపాలà±à°²à±, à°°à±à°®à± శాà°à°¤à°¿ à°à°ªà±à°ªà°à°¦à°¾à°²à°²à± à°à°à°²à± వాà°à±à°¦à°¾à°¨à° à°à±à°¸à°¿à°¨ à°à±à°à°¾à°à°¾à°²à°²à± à°à°à±à°à±à°µ à°à°¾à°à° à°ªà±à°à°¦à°¿à°à°¦à°¿. à°à°¾à°¨à± డాలà±à°®à°¾à°à°¿à°¯à°¾ (à°à°°à°¾ మినహా) à°à°¾à°à±à°à°¡à°¾ విà°à°¯à° సాధిà°à°à°à°¾à°¨à±à°¨à°¿ à°à°¾à°¤à±à°¯à°µà°¾à°¦à±à°²à± "à°®à±à°¯à±à°à°¿à°²à±à°à±à°¡à±"à°à°¾ నిరà±à°µà°à°¿à°à°à°¾à°°à±. à° à°à°¤à±à°à°¾à°à±à°à°¡à°¾ à°à°à°²à±à°à°¿ హామౠà°à°à±à°à°¿à°¨ à°¹à°à°à°°à± " హారà±à°¬à°°à± à°à°«à± à°«à°¿à°¯à±à°®à± " à°à°à°²à± వాà°à±à°¦à°¾à°¨à° à°à±à°¸à°¿à°¨ à°à±à°à°¾à°à°¾à°²à°²à± à°à°¾à°à° à°à°¾à°¨à°ªà±à°ªà°à°¿à°à±, à°¯à±à°¦à±à°§à° à°®à±à°à°¿à°à°ªà± తరà±à°µà°¾à°¤ à°à°¾à°¬à±à°°à°¿à°¯à±à°²à± à°¡à°¿'ఠననà±à°à°¿à°¯à± నాయà°à°¤à±à°µà°à°²à± à°à°à°²à± à°à°à±à°°à°®à°¿à°à°à±à°à±à°à°¦à°¿.
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à°ªà±à°°à°ªà°à°à°¯à±à°¦à±à°§ వినాశనఠతరà±à°µà°¾à°¤ à°µà°à±à°à°¿à°¨ à°¸à±à°·à°²à°¿à°¸à±à°à± à°à°à°¦à±à°³à°¨à°²à± à°°à°·à±à°¯à°¨à± విపà±à°²à°µà° à°ªà±à°°à±à°°à°£à°¤à± à°à°à°²à± à° à°à°¤à°à°¾ విసà±à°¤à°°à°¿à°à°à°¿à°¨ విపà±à°²à°µà° à° à°£à°à°¿à°µà±à°¤à°à± దారి à°¤à±à°¸à°¿à°à°¦à°¿. à°¸à±à°µà°¿à°¯à°à±-à°¶à±à°²à°¿ విపà±à°²à°µà°¾à°¨à°¿à°à°¿ à°à°¯à°ªà°¡à°¿à°¨ à°à°¦à°¾à°°à°µà°¾à°¦ à°µà±à°¯à°µà°¸à±à°¥ à°¬à±à°¨à°¿à°à± à°®à±à°¸à±à°¸à±à°²à°¿à°¨à± à°¨à±à°¤à±à°¤à±à°µà°à°²à±à°¨à°¿ à°à°¿à°¨à±à°¨ à°à°¾à°¤à±à°¯ " ఫాసిసà±à°à± పారà±à°à± " à°à°¦à°°à°£ à°ªà±à°°à°¾à°°à°à°à°®à±à°à°¦à°¿. à° à°à±à°à±à°¬à°°à± 1922 లౠనà±à°·à°¨à°²à± ఫాసిసà±à°à± పారà±à°à± à°¬à±à°²à°¾à°à± à°·à°°à±à°à±à°¸à± ("à°°à±à°®à± మారà±à°à°¿") à°à± à°ªà±à°°à°¯à°¤à±à°¨à°¿à°à°à°¿à°à°¦à°¿. à°à°¾à°¨à± à°à°¿à°µà°°à°¿ నిమిషà°à°²à± à°à°¿à°à°à± విà°à±à°à°°à± à°®à±à°¡à°µ à°à°®à±à°®à°¾à°¨à±à°¯à±à°²à± à°®à±à°¸à±à°¸à±à°²à°¿à°¨à± à°ªà±à°°à°§à°¾à°¨à°®à°à°¤à±à°°à°¿à°à°¾ నియమిà°à°à°¾à°¡à±. తరà±à°µà°¾à°¤à°¿ à°à±à°¦à±à°¦à°¿ à°¸à°à°µà°¤à±à°¸à°°à°¾à°²à±à°²à± à°®à±à°¸à±à°¸à±à°²à°¿à°¨à± à° à°¨à±à°¨à°¿ à°°à°¾à°à°à±à°¯ పారà±à°à±à°²à°¨à± నిషà±à°§à°¿à°à°à°¾à°¡à±. à°µà±à°¯à°à±à°¤à°¿à°à°¤ à°¸à±à°µà±à°à±à°à°²à°¨à± à°¤à°à±à°à°¿à°à°à°¾à°¡à±.à° à°à°¦à±à°à±à°¤ నియà°à°¤à±à°¤à±à°µà° à°à°°à±à°ªà°¡à°¿à°à°¦à°¿. à° à°à°°à±à°¯à°²à± à° à°à°¤à°°à±à°à°¾à°¤à±à°¯ à°¦à±à°·à±à°à°¿à°¨à°¿ à°à°à°°à±à°·à°¿à°à°à°¾à°¯à°¿, à°à°¿à°µà°°à°¿à°à°¿ నాà°à°¿ à°à°°à±à°®à°¨à±, à°«à±à°°à°¾à°à°à±à°¯à°¿à°¸à±à°à± à°¸à±à°ªà±à°¯à°¿à°¨à± à°µà°à°à°¿ నియà°à°¤à±à°¤à±à°µà°¾à°²à°¨à± à°ªà±à°°à±à°¤à±à°¸à°¹à°¿à°à°à°¾à°¯à°¿.
1935 లౠమà±à°¸à±à°¸à±à°²à°¿à°¨à± à°à°¥à°¿à°¯à±à°ªà°¿à°¯à°¾à°¨à± à°à°à±à°°à°®à°¿à°à°à±à°à±à°¨à±à°¨à°¾à°¡à±. à° à°à°¤à°°à±à°à°¾à°¤à±à°¯à°à°°à°£ à°²à±à°à± à°à°«à± à°¨à±à°·à°¨à±à°¸à± à°¨à±à°à°à°¿ à°à°à°²à± à°à°ªà°¸à°à°¹à°°à°£à°à± దారితà±à°¸à°¿à°à°¦à°¿; నాà°à± à°à°°à±à°®à°¨à±, à°à°ªà°¾à°¨à± సామà±à°°à°¾à°à±à°¯à°à°¤à± à°à°à°²à± à° à°¨à±à°¬à°à°§à°à°¤à± à°¸à±à°ªà°¾à°¨à°¿à°·à± à°ªà±à°° à°¯à±à°¦à±à°§à°à°²à± à°«à±à°°à°¾à°¨à±à°¸à°¿à°¸à±à°à± à°«à±à°°à°¾à°à°à±à°à± à°à°à±à°à°¿à°à°¾ మదà±à°¦à°¤à± à°à°à±à°à°¿à°à°¦à°¿. 1939 లౠà°à°à°²à± à° à°²à±à°¬à±à°¨à°¿à°¯à°¾à°¨à± à°à°à±à°°à°®à°¿à°à°à°¿ దశాబà±à°§à°¾à°²à±à°à°¾ à°ªà±à°°à±à°à±à°à±à°à°°à±à°à±à°à°¾ à°à±à°¸à±à°à±à°¨à°¿ à°¸à±à°µà°¯à°à°ªà±à°°à°¤à°¿à°ªà°¤à±à°¤à°¿ à°à°²à°¿à°à°¿à°à°à°¿à°à°¦à°¿. 1940 à°à±à°¨à± 10 à°¨ à°à°à°²à± à°°à±à°à°¡à°µ à°ªà±à°°à°ªà°à° à°¯à±à°¦à±à°§à°à°²à± à°ªà±à°°à°µà±à°¶à°¿à°à°à°¿à°à°¦à°¿. à°ªà±à°°à°¾à°°à°à°à°à°²à± à°¬à±à°°à°¿à°à°¿à°·à± à°¸à±à°®à°¾à°²à°¿à°¯à°¾, à°à°à°¿à°ªà±à°à±à°²à± à°à°à°¿à°ªà±à°·à°¿à°¯à°¨à±à°²à± à°®à±à°à°¦à±à°à± à°µà°à±à°à°¾à°°à±. à°¤à±à°°à±à°ªà± à°à°«à±à°°à°¿à°à°¾, బాలà±à°à°¨à±, à°°à°·à±à°¯à°¾, à°à°¤à±à°¤à°° à°à°«à±à°°à°¿à°à°¾à°²à± à°à°à°¾à°²à°¿à°¯à°¨à±à°²à± à°à°¡à°¿à°ªà±à°¯à°¾à°°à±.
à°¯à±à°à±à°¸à±à°²à°¾à°µà°¿à°¯à°¾à°ªà± à°à°°à±à°®à°¨à±, à°à°à°²à±à°²à± దాడి à°à±à°¸à°¿à°¨ తరà±à°µà°¾à°¤ à°¯à±à°à±à°¸à±à°²à±à°µà± పారà±à°à°¿à°¸à°¿à°¨à±à°¸à± నిరà±à°§à°à°¤ ఠణిà°à°¿à°µà±à°¤, à°à°à°²à±à°à±à°·à°¨à±âà°à± à°ªà±à°°à°¯à°¤à±à°¨à°¿à°à°à°¿à°¨ à°à°à°²à± à°¯à±à°¦à±à°§ à°¨à±à°°à°¾à°²à± [66] à°à°°à°¿à°à°¾à°¯à°¿, à°¸à±à°®à°¾à°°à± 25,000 à°®à°à°¦à°¿ à°°à°¬à±, à°à±à°¨à°°à±à°¸à±, à°®à±à°¨à°¿à°à±, à°°à±à°¨à°¿à°à°¿ à°¡à°¿ à° à°à°à°¿à°¯à°°à°¿, à°à°¤à°° à°ªà±à°°à°¾à°à°¤à°¾à°²à°à± à°à°à°¾à°²à°¿à°¯à°¨à± à°à°¾à°¨à±à°¸à°à°à±à°°à±à°·à°¨à± శిబిరాలà°à± తరలిà°à°à°¬à°¡à±à°¡à°¾à°°à±. à°¯à±à°¦à±à°§à°®à± తరà±à°µà°¾à°¤ à°à±à°²à±à°¡à± వారà±, à°¸à±à°¦à±à°°à±à°à°à°¾à°²à° à°¸à±à°¨à±à°¸à°¾à°°à±à°·à°¿à°ªà±, à°à°à°¾à°²à°¿à°¯à°¨à± à°¯à±à°¦à±à°§ à°¨à±à°°à°¾à°²à±, à°¯à±à°à±à°¸à±à°²à°¾à°µà± హతà±à°¯à°²à± à°à±à°à±à°à±à°¸à±à°à±à°¨à±à°¨à°¾à°¯à°¿.[67][68][69][70] à°à°à°¤à°²à± 2,50,000 à°à°à°¾à°²à°¿à°¯à°¨à±à°²à±, à°à°®à±à°¯à±à°¨à°¿à°¸à±à°à± à°µà±à°¯à°¤à°¿à°°à±à° à°¸à±à°²à°¾à°µà±à°²à± à°à°·à±à°à±à°°à°¿à°¯à°¨à± à°à°à±à°¸à±à°¡à°¸à±à°²à± à°à°à°²à±à°à°¿ పారిపà±à°¯à°¾à°°à±.
సిసిలౠమితà±à°°à°°à°¾à°à±à°¯ à°¦à°à°¡à°¯à°¾à°¤à±à°° 1943 à°à±à°²à±à°²à± à°®à±à°¦à°²à± ఫాసిసà±à°à± పాలన à°à±à°²à°¿à°ªà±à°µà°à°¾à°¨à°¿à°à°¿ దారితà±à°¸à°¿à°à°¦à°¿, à°à±à°²à± 25 à°¨ à°®à±à°¸à±à°¸à±à°²à°¿à°¨à± పదవà±à°à±à°¯à±à°¤à±à°¡à°¯à±à°¯à°¾à°¡à±. à°¸à±à°ªà±à°à±à°à°¬à°°à± 8 à°¨ à°à°à°²à± à°²à±à°à°à°¿à°ªà±à°¯à°¿à°à°¦à°¿. à°à°à°²à± ఫాసిసà±à°à±à°² మదà±à°¦à°¤à±à°¤à± à°à°°à±à°®à°¨à±à°²à± à°à°¤à±à°¤à°°, మధà±à°¯ à°à°à°²à±à°ªà± నియà°à°¤à±à°°à°£à°¨à± à°à±à°ªà°à±à°à°¡à°à°²à± à°¤à±à°µà°°à°²à±à°¨à± విà°à°¯à° సాధిà°à°à°¾à°°à±. మితà±à°°à°°à°¾à°à±à°¯à°¾à°²à± à°¨à±à°®à±à°®à°¦à°¿à°à°¾ à°¦à°à±à°·à°¿à°£à°à°µà±à°ªà±à°à± à°à°¦à±à°²à±à°¤à±à°¨à±à°¨ à°à°¾à°°à°£à°à°à°¾ మిà°à°¿à°²à°¿à°¨ à°¯à±à°¦à±à°§à°¾à°¨à°¿à°à°¿ à°¦à±à°¶à° à°à° à°¯à±à°¦à±à°§à°°à°à°à°à°à°¾ à°à°à°¦à°¿.
à°à°¤à±à°¤à°°à°¾à°¨, à°à°°à±à°®à°¨à±à°²à± à°à°à°²à± à°¸à±à°·à°²à± రిపబà±à°²à°¿à°à± (à°à°°à±.à°à°¸à±.à°) నౠసà±à°¥à°¾à°ªà°¿à°à°à°¾à°°à±. à°®à±à°¸à±à°¸à±à°²à°¿à°¨à± నాà°à°¿ à°¤à±à°²à±à°¬à±à°®à±à°® à°°à°¾à°à±à°¯à° నాయà°à±à°¡à±à°à°¾ à°¸à±à°¥à°¾à°ªà°¿à°à°à°¬à°¡à±à°¡à°¾à°¡à±. à°¯à±à°¦à±à°§ విరమణ à° à°¨à°à°¤à°° à°à°¾à°²à° à°ªà±à°¦à±à°¦ ఫాసిసà±à°à± నిరà±à°§à° à°à°¦à±à°¯à°®à°, à°°à±à°¸à°¿à°¸à±à°à±à°à°à°¾ à° à°à°¿à°µà±à°¦à±à°§à°¿à°¨à°¿ à°à±à°¸à°¿à°à°¦à°¿. 1945 à°à°ªà±à°°à°¿à°²à± à°à°¿à°µà°°à°²à± à°®à±à°¤à±à°¤à° à°à°à°®à°¿à°¤à± à°®à±à°¸à±à°¸à±à°²à°¿à°¨à± à°à°¤à±à°¤à°°à° à°¨à±à°à°¡à°¿ తపà±à°ªà°¿à°à°à±à°à±à°¨à±à°à°¦à±à°à± à°ªà±à°°à°¯à°¤à±à°¨à°¿à°à°à°¾à°°à± [71] à°à°¾à°¨à± à°à°à°¾à°²à°¿à°¯à°¨à± à°ªà°à±à°·à°ªà°¾à°¤à°¾à°²à°à± à°²à±à°à± à°à±à°®à± à°¦à°à±à°à°° à°¬à°à°§à°¿à°à°à°¿ à°¸à°à°à±à°°à°¹à°à°à°¾ à°à°°à°¿à°¤à±à°¯à°¬à°¡à±à°¡à°¾à°°à±. ఠతని à°®à±à°¤à°¦à±à°¹à°¾à°¨à±à°¨à°¿ మిలనà±à°à± à°¤à±à°¸à±à°à±à°³à±à°²à°¾à°°à±, à° à°à±à°à°¡ ఠది à°ªà±à°°à°à°² à°¸à°à°¦à°°à±à°¶à°¨ à°à±à°¸à° à°à° à°¸à±à°à±à°·à°¨à± à°¸à±à°à±à°·à°¨à± వదà±à°¦ తలà°à±à°°à°¿à°à°¦à±à°²à±à°à°¾ à°µà±à°²à°¾à°¡à°¦à±à°¯à°¬à°¡à°¿à°à°¦à°¿, ఠతని మరణఠనిరà±à°§à°¾à°°à°£à°¨à± à° à°à°¦à°¿à°à°à°¿à°à°¦à°¿.[72] 1945 à°à°ªà±à°°à°¿à°²à± 29 à°¨ à°à°à°²à±à°²à±à°¨à°¿ à°à°°à±à°®à°¨à± బలà°à°¾à°²à± à°²à±à°à°à°¿à°ªà±à°¯à°¾à°¯à°¿. à°¸à±à°®à°¾à°°à±à°à°¾ à°²à°à±à°·à°² à°®à°à°¦à°¿ à°à°à°¾à°²à°¿à°¯à°¨à±à°²à± (à°ªà±à°°à±à°²à°¤à± సహా) à° à°à°°à±à°·à°£à°²à± మరణిà°à°à°¾à°°à±.[73] à°à°à°¾à°²à°¿à°¯à°¨à± à°à°°à±à°¥à°¿à°à°µà±à°¯à°µà°¸à±à°¥ à° à°¨à±à°¨à± నాశనమయà±à°¯à°¾à°¯à°¿; 1944 లౠతలసరి à°à°¦à°¾à°¯à° à°à°°à°µà°¯à±à°¯à± శతాబà±à°¦à° à°ªà±à°°à°¾à°°à°à°à° à°¨à±à°à°à°¿ à°¤à°à±à°à±à°µ à°¸à±à°¥à°¾à°¯à°¿à°²à± à°à°à°¦à°¿.[74]
రిపబà±à°²à°¿à°à°¨à± à°à°à°²à± మారà±à°à±
1946 à°à±à°¨à± 2 à°¨ à°ªà±à°°à°à°¾à°à°¿à°ªà±à°°à°¾à°¯à°¸à±à°à°°à°£ [75] నిరà±à°µà°¹à°¿à°à°à°¿à°¨ తరà±à°µà°¾à°¤ à°à°à°²à± à°à°£à°¤à°à°¤à±à°° దినà±à°¤à±à°¸à°µà° à° à°¯à±à°¯à°¿à°à°¦à°¿. à°à°à°¾à°²à°¿à°¯à°¨à± మహిళలà°à± à°à°à± à°¹à°à±à°à± à°à°²à±à°ªà°¿à°à°à°¡à° à°à°¦à± à°®à±à°¦à°à°¿à°¸à°¾à°°à°¿.[76] విà°à±à°à°°à± à°à°®à±à°®à°¾à°¨à±à°¯à±à°²à± à°®à±à°¡à°µ à°à±à°®à°¾à°°à±à°¡à± à°°à±à°à°¡à°µ à°à°à°¬à±à°°à±à°à± నిరà±à°§à°¿à°à°à°¿ బహిషà±à°à°°à°¿à°à°à°µà°²à°¸à°¿à°¨ వతà±à°¤à°¿à°¡à°¿ à°à°°à±à°ªà°¡à°¿à°à°¦à°¿. రిపబà±à°²à°¿à°à°¨à± à°°à°¾à°à±à°¯à°¾à°à°à° 1948 à°à°¨à°µà°°à°¿ 1 à°¨ à°à°®à±à°¦à°¿à°à°à°¬à°¡à°¿à°à°¦à°¿. 1947 లౠà°à°à°²à±à°¤à± శాà°à°¤à°¿ à°à°ªà±à°ªà°à°¦à° à°à°§à°¾à°°à°à°à°¾ à°à±à°²à°¿à°¯à°¨à± మారà±à°à°¿ à°à°¾à°²à°¾ à°à°¾à°à° వరà°à± à°¯à±à°à±à°¸à±à°²à±à°µà°¿à°¯à°¾à°à± à°ªà±à°¯à°¿à°à°¦à°¿. తరà±à°µà°¾à°¤ à°à±à°°à±à°¸à±à°à± à°«à±à°°à± à°à±à°°à°¿à°à°°à± à°°à±à°à°¡à± రాషà±à°à±à°°à°¾à°² మధà±à°¯ విà°à°à°¿à°à°à°¬à°¡à°¿à°à°¦à°¿. à°à°à°²à± సామà±à°°à°¾à°à±à°¯à° ఠధిà°à°¾à°°à°¿à°à°à°à°¾ à° à°¨à±à°¨à°¿ à°à°¾à°²à°¨à±à°² à°à°¸à±à°¤à±à°²à°¨à± à°à±à°²à±à°ªà±à°¯à°¿à°à°¦à°¿.
1848 à°à°ªà±à°°à°¿à°²à± 18 à°¨ à°à±à°°à±à°¸à±à°¤à°µ à°¡à±à°®à±à°à±à°°à°¾à°à±à°¸à± à°à°²à±à°¸à°¿à°¡à± à°¡à°¿ à°à±à°¯à°¾à°¸à±à°ªà±à°°à± నాయà°à°¤à±à°µà°à°²à± à°®à±à°à°¾à°°à°¿à°à± విà°à°¯à°¾à°¨à±à°¨à°¿ సాధిà°à°à°¿à°¨à°ªà±à°ªà±à°¡à± à°®à±à°¦à°à°¿ సారà±à°µà°¤à±à°°à°¿à° à°à°à±à°¹à°à±à°à± à°à°¨à±à°¨à°¿à°à°² ఫలితà°à°à°¾ సాధà±à°¯à°®à±à°¨ à°à°®à±à°¯à±à°¨à°¿à°¸à±à°à± విà°à°¯à° à°à°à°¾à°²à°¿à°¯à°¨à± à°à°à°°à±à°²à°²à± à°à°¯à°¾à°à°¦à±à°³à°¨à°²à± à°à°²à°¿à°à°¿à°à°à°¾à°¯à°¿. పరà±à°¯à°µà°¸à°¾à°¨à°à°à°¾ 1949 లౠà°à°à°²à± నాà°à±à°²à± à°¸à°à±à°¯à°¦à±à°¶à°à°à°¾ మారిà°à°¦à°¿. మారà±à°·à°²à± à°ªà±à°°à°£à°¾à°³à°¿à° à°à°à°¾à°²à°¿à°¯à°¨à± à°à°°à±à°¥à°¿à° à°µà±à°¯à°µà°¸à±à°¥à°¨à± à°ªà±à°¨à°°à±à°¦à±à°§à°°à°¿à°à°à°¡à°¾à°¨à°¿à°à°¿ à°¦à±à°¹à°¦à°ªà°¡à°¿à°à°¦à°¿. 1960 à°à°¿à°µà°°à°¿ వరà°à± "à°à°à°¨à°¾à°®à°¿à°à± మిరాà°à°¿à°²à±" ఠని పిలవబడౠనిరà°à°¤à°° à°à°°à±à°¥à°¿à° à°µà±à°¦à±à°§à°¿ à°à°¾à°²à° à°à°¡à°¿à°à°¿à°ªà±à°¯à°¿à°à°¦à°¿. 1957 లౠà°à°à°²à± à°¯à±à°°à±à°ªà°¿à°¯à°¨à± à°à°à°¨à°¾à°®à°¿à°à± à°à°®à±à°¯à±à°¨à°¿à°à± (à°.à°.సి.) à°¸à±à°¥à°¾à°ªà° à°¸à°à±à°¯à°¦à±à°¶à°à°à°¾ à°à°à°¦à°¿. à°à°¦à°¿ 1993 లౠయà±à°°à±à°ªà°¿à°¯à°¨à± à°¯à±à°¨à°¿à°¯à°¨à± (à°.à°¯à±.)లౠà°à°¾à°à°à°à°¾ మారిà°à°¦à°¿.
1960 à°² à°à°¿à°µà°° à°¨à±à°à°¡à°¿ 1980 à°² à°ªà±à°°à°¾à°°à°à°à° వరà°à± à°¦à±à°¶à° à°à°¯à°°à±à°¸à± à°à°«à± à°²à±à°¡à± à°à°°à±à°¥à°¿à° à°¸à°à°à±à°·à±à°à° (à°®à±à°à±à°¯à°à°à°¾ 1973 à°à°®à±à°°à± à°¸à°à°à±à°·à±à°à° తరà±à°µà°¾à°¤) à°¤à±à°µà±à°°à°µà°¾à°¦ à°à±à°°à±à°ªà±à°²à°¨à± à°µà±à°¯à°¤à°¿à°°à±à°à°¿à°à°à°¡à° à°à°¾à°°à°£à°à°à°¾ విసà±à°¤à±à°¤à°®à±à°¨ సాà°à°à°¿à° à°µà±à°°à±à°§à±à°¯à°¾à°²à±, à°¤à±à°µà±à°°à°µà°¾à°¦ సామà±à°¹à°¿à° హతà±à°¯à°²à± à°¯à±.à°à°¸à±, à°¸à±à°µà°¿à°¯à±à°à± నిà°à°¾.[77][78][79] ది à°à°¯à°°à±à°¸à± à°à°«à± à°²à±à°¡à± 1978 లౠà°à±à°°à°¿à°¸à±à°à°¿à°¯à°¨à± à°¡à±à°®à±à°à±à°°à°¾à°à± నాయà°à±à°¡à± à°à°²à±à°¡à± à°®à±à°°à±, 85 à°®à°à°¦à°¿ మరణిà°à°à°¿à°¨ à°¬à±à°²à±à°à±à°¨à°¾ à°°à±à°²à±à°µà± à°¸à±à°à±à°·à°¨à± హతà±à°¯à°¾à°à°¾à°à°¡à°²à± హతమారà±à°à°¿à°à°¦à°¿.
1980 లలౠ1945 à°¨à±à°à°¡à°¿ à°®à±à°¦à°à°¿à°¸à°¾à°°à°¿à°à°¾ à°°à±à°à°¡à± à°ªà±à°°à°à±à°¤à±à°µà°¾à°²à± à°à±à°°à±à°¸à±à°¤à°µ-à°¡à±à°®à±à°à±à°°à°à°¿à°à± à°ªà±à°°à°§à°¾à°¨à°¾à°§à°¿à°à°¾à°°à±à°²à°à± నాయà°à°¤à±à°µà° వహిà°à°à°¬à°¡à±à°¡à°¾à°¯à°¿: à°à° రిపబà±à°²à°¿à°à°¨à± (à°à°¿à°¯à±à°µà°¨à±à°¨à± à°¸à±à°ªà°¡à±à°²à°¿à°¨à°¿), à°à° à°¸à±à°·à°²à°¿à°¸à±à°à± (à°¬à±à°à°¿à°¨à± à°à±à°°à°¾à°à±à°¸à°¿); ఠయితౠపà±à°°à°§à°¾à°¨ à°ªà±à°°à°à±à°¤à±à°µ పారà±à°à± ఠయిన à°à±à°°à°¿à°¸à±à°à°¿à°¯à°¨à± à°¡à±à°®à±à°à±à°°à°¾à°à±à°²à± à°à°¨à±à°¨à°¾à°°à±. à°à±à°°à°¾à°à±à°¸à°¿ à°ªà±à°°à°à±à°¤à±à°µà° సమయà°à°²à± à°à°°à±à°¥à°¿à° à°µà±à°¯à°µà°¸à±à°¥ à°à±à°²à±à°à±à°à°¦à°¿. à°à°à°²à± à°ªà±à°°à°ªà°à°à°à°²à±à°¨à°¿ à°à°¦à± ఠతిపà±à°¦à±à°¦ పారిశà±à°°à°¾à°®à°¿à° à°¦à±à°¶à° ఠయిà°à°¦à°¿, à°à°¿ 7 à°à±à°°à±à°ªà±à°²à±à°à°¿ à°ªà±à°°à°µà±à°¶à°¿à°à°à°¿à°à°¦à°¿. à°à°¦à±à°®à±à°¨à°¾ తన à°à°°à±à°à± విధానాల ఫలితà°à°à°¾ à°à°à°¾à°²à°¿à°¯à°¨à± à°à°¾à°¤à±à°¯ à°°à±à°£à° à°à±à°°à±à°à±à°¸à± à°¶à°à°à°²à± ఠధిà°à° ఠయిà°à°¦à°¿. à°µà±à°à°à°¨à± à°à°¿.à°¡à°¿.పి.లౠ100% దాà°à°¿à°ªà±à°¯à°¿à°à°¦à°¿.
1990 à°ªà±à°°à°¾à°°à°à°à°à°²à± à°à°à°²à± à°à°£à°¨à±à°¯à°®à±à°¨ సవాళà±à°²à°¨à± à°à°¦à±à°°à±à°à±à°à°¦à°¿ - à°°à°¾à°à°à±à°¯ à°ªà°à±à°·à°ªà°¾à°¤à° à°à°¾à°°à± à°ªà±à°°à°à°¾ à°°à±à°£à°, 'à°à±à°²à±à°¨à± à°¹à±à°¯à°¾à°à°¡à±à°¸à±' విà°à°¾à°°à°£ à°µà±à°²à°¿à°à°¿à°¤à±à°¸à°¿à°¨ విసà±à°¤à±à°¤à°®à±à°¨ ఠవినà±à°¤à°¿ à°µà±à°¯à°µà°¸à±à°¥ (à°à°¾à°à°à±à°à°à±à°ªà±à°²à± ఠని పిలà±à°¸à±à°¤à°¾à°°à±) - విపà±à°²à°µà°¾à°¤à±à°®à° à°¸à°à°¸à±à°à°°à°£à°²à°¨à± à°à±à°°à°¿à°à°¦à°¿. à° à°à±à°à°à°à±à°£à°¾à°²à°¨à±à°¨à± à° à°¨à±à°¨à°¿ à°ªà±à°°à°§à°¾à°¨ పారà±à°à±à°²à± à°®à±à°à±à°¯à°à°à°¾ à°ªà±à°°à°à±à°¤à±à°µ à°¸à°à°à±à°°à±à°£à°à°²à± à°à°¨à±à°¨à°¾à°¯à°¿: దాదాపౠ50 à°à°³à±à°³à± పాలిà°à°à°¿à°¨ à°à±à°°à°¿à°¸à±à°à°¿à°¯à°¨à± à°¡à±à°®à±à°à±à°°à°¾à°à±à°²à± à°¤à±à°µà±à°°à°®à±à°¨ à°¸à°à°à±à°·à±à°à°¾à°¨à°¿à°à°¿ à°à±à°°à± à°à°¿à°µà°°à°à± విడిపà±à°¯à°¿ à° à°¨à±à° వరà±à°à°¾à°² విà°à°à°¨ à°à±à°¶à°¾à°°à±.[80] à°à°®à±à°¯à±à°¨à°¿à°¸à±à°à±à°²à± సామాà°à°¿à° à°ªà±à°°à°à°¾à°¸à±à°µà°¾à°®à±à°¯ à°¶à°à±à°¤à°¿à°à°¾ à°ªà±à°¨à°°à±à°µà±à°¯à°µà°¸à±à°¥à±à°à°°à°¿à°à°à°¾à°°à±. 1990 à°²à±, 2000 లలౠ(దశాబà±à°¦à°) à°¸à±à°à°à°°à±-à°°à±à°à± (à°®à±à°¡à°¿à°¯à°¾ మాà°à±à°¨à°¿à°à± సిలà±à°µà°¿à°¯à± à°¬à±à°°à±à°²à±à°¸à±à°à±à°¨à±à°²à± à°à°§à°¿à°ªà°¤à±à°¯à°), à°¸à±à°à°à°°à±-à°²à±à°«à±à°à± à°¸à°à°à±à°°à±à°£à°¾à°²à± (విశà±à°µà°µà°¿à°¦à±à°¯à°¾à°²à°¯ à°ªà±à°°à±à°«à±à°¸à°°à± à°°à±à°®à°¨à± à°ªà±à°°à±à°¡à°¿ à°¨à±à°¤à±à°¤à±à°µà°à°²à±) à°ªà±à°°à°¤à±à°¯à°¾à°®à±à°¨à°¾à°¯à°à°à°¾ à°¦à±à°¶à°¾à°¨à±à°¨à°¿ పాలిà°à°à°¾à°¯à°¿.
2000 à°à°¿à°µà°°à°¿à°²à± à°à°à°²à± à°à±à°°à±à°à± à°°à°¿à°¸à±à°·à°¨à± à°¤à±à°µà±à°°à°à°à°¾ à°¦à±à°¬à±à°¬à°¤à°¿à°à°¦à°¿. 2008 à°¨à±à°à°¡à°¿ 2013 వరà°à± à°¦à±à°¶à°à°²à± à°à°¿.à°¡à°¿.పి. మాà°à°¦à±à°¯à° 42 à°¨à±à°²à°²à± à°¦à±à°¬à±à°¬à°¤à°¿à°à°¦à°¿. 2011 లౠబà±à°°à±à°²à°¸à±à°à±à°¨à±à°¨à°¿ à°°à°¾à°à±à°¨à°¾à°®à°¾ à°à±à°¯à°à°¾à°¨à°¿à°à°¿ దారితà±à°¸à°¿à°¨ à°ªà±à°°à°§à°¾à°¨ సమసà±à°¯à°²à°²à± à°à°°à±à°¥à°¿à° à°¸à°à°à±à°·à±à°à° à°à°à°à°¿. à°¸à°à°ªà±à°°à°¦à°¾à°¯à°µà°¾à°¦ à°ªà±à°°à°§à°¾à°¨ à°®à°à°¤à±à°°à°¿ à°®à±à°¨à±à°à°¿ సాà°à°à±à°¤à°¿à° à°®à°à°¤à±à°°à°¿à°¤à±à°µà°¶à°¾à° à°à°°à±à°¤à± à°à±à°¯à°¬à°¡à°¿à°à°¦à°¿. 2013 సారà±à°µà°¤à±à°°à°¿à° à°à°¨à±à°¨à°¿à°à°² తరà±à°µà°¾à°¤ à°¡à±à°®à±à°à±à°°à°¾à°à°¿à°à± పారà±à°à± " à°à°¨à±à°°à°¿à°à± à°²à±à°à±à° " à°à°ª à°à°¾à°°à±à°¯à°¦à°°à±à°¶à°¿ à°à±à°¡à°¿-à°à°¡à°® à°à±à°°à°¾à°à°¡à± à°¸à°à°à±à°°à±à°£ ఠధిపతిపౠà°à±à°¤à±à°¤ à°ªà±à°°à°à±à°¤à±à°µà°¾à°¨à±à°¨à°¿ à°à°°à±à°ªà°¾à°à± à°à±à°¶à°¾à°°à±. 2014 à°à±à°¤à±à°¤ à°à°¾à°°à±à°¯à°¦à°°à±à°¶à°¿ పి.à°¡à°¿. à°®à±à°à±à°à±à°¯à± సవాల à°à°¾à°°à°£à°à°à°¾ à°²à±à°à±à° à°°à°¾à°à±à°¨à°¾à°®à°¾ à°à±à°¸à°¾à°¡à±.à° à°¸à±à°¥à°¾à°¨à°à°²à± నియమిà°à°à°¬à°¡à°¿à°¨ à°°à±à°à°à°¿ à°¨à±à°¤à°¨ à°ªà±à°°à°à±à°¤à±à°µà° à°®à±à°à±à°¯à°®à±à°¨ à°°à°¾à°à±à°¯à°¾à°à° à°¸à°à°¸à±à°à°°à°£à°²à°¨à± à°ªà±à°°à°¾à°°à°à°à°¿à°à°à°¿à°à°¦à°¿. à°¸à±à°¨à±à°à± à°°à°¦à±à°¦à± à°à±à°¯à°¡à°, à°à±à°¤à±à°¤ à°à°¨à±à°¨à°¿à°à°² à°à°à±à°à° à°µà°à°à°¿à°µà°¿. à°¡à°¿à°¸à±à°à°¬à°°à± 4 à°¨ à°ªà±à°°à°à°¾à°à°¿à°ªà±à°°à°¾à°¯ à°¸à±à°à°°à°£à°²à± à°°à°¾à°à±à°¯à°¾à°à° à°¸à°à°¸à±à°à°°à°£ తిరసà±à°à°°à°¿à°à°à°¬à°¡à°¿à°à°¦à°¿, à°¡à°¿à°¸à±à°à°¬à°°à± 12 à°¨ à°à±à°¨à±à°¨à°¿ à°°à±à°à±à°² తరà±à°µà°¾à°¤ à°°à°¾à°à°à± à°°à°¾à°à±à°¨à°¾à°®à°¾ à°à±à°¶à°¾à°°à±; విదà±à°¶à°¾à°à° à°µà±à°¯à°µà°¹à°¾à°°à°¾à°² à°®à°à°¤à±à°°à°¿ à°ªà±à°²à± à°à±à°à°à°¿à°²à°¿à°¯à±à°¨à°¿ à°à±à°¤à±à°¤ à°ªà±à°°à°§à°¾à°¨ à°®à°à°¤à±à°°à°¿à°à°¾ నియమిà°à°à°¾à°°à±.
2015 లౠయà±à°°à±à°ªà°¿à°¯à°¨à± వలస à°¸à°à°à±à°·à±à°à°à°²à± à°à°à°²à± à°¦à±à°¬à±à°¬à°¤à°¿à°¨à±à°¨à°¦à°¿. à°à°à°¦à±à°à°à°à± à°à°à°à±à°°à± పాయిà°à°à±, à°.à°¯à±.లౠపà±à°°à°µà±à°¶à°¿à°à°à°¿à°¨ à°à°¾à°²à°¾ శరణారà±à°§à±à°² à°à±à°¸à° à°à°¦à°¿ à°ªà±à°°à°®à±à° à°à°®à±à°¯à°¸à±à°¥à°¾à°¨à° ఠయిà°à°¦à°¿. à° à°¦à±à°¶à° à° à°° మిలియనà±à°² à°®à°à°¦à°¿ శరణారà±à°§à±à°²à°¨à± à°à±à°ªà°à±à°à°¿à°à°¦à°¿. à°à°¦à°¿ à°ªà±à°°à°à°² à°à±à°¶à°¾à°à°¾à°°à°®à±à°ªà± à°¤à±à°µà±à°° à°à°¤à±à°¤à°¿à°¡à°¿à°à°¿ à°à±à°°à°¿à°à±à°¸à°¿à°à°¦à°¿. à°à°¾à°²à°¾-à°à±à°¡à°¿, à°¯à±à°°à±à°²à±à°ªà±à°à°¿à°à± à°°à°¾à°à°à±à°¯ పారà±à°à±à°²à°à± మదà±à°¦à°¤à±à°à°¾ à°ªà±à°°à±à°à±à°¤à±à°à°¦à°¿.[81][82]
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à°à°à°²à± à°¦à°à±à°·à°¿à°£ à°à°°à±à°ªà°¾à°²à± 35 °, 47 ° à°à°¤à±à°¤à°° à° à°à±à°·à°¾à°à°¶à°¾à°² మధà±à°¯, 6 °, 19 ° à°¤à±à°°à±à°ªà± à°°à±à°à°² మధà±à°¯ à°à°à°¦à°¿.à°à°à°²à± à°à°¤à±à°¤à°°à°¸à°°à°¿à°¹à°¦à±à°¦à±à°²à± సరిహదà±à°¦à±à°²à±à°à°¾ à°«à±à°°à°¾à°¨à±à°¸à±, à°¸à±à°µà°¿à°à±à°à°°à±à°²à°¾à°à°¡à±, à°à°¸à±à°à±à°°à°¿à°¯à°¾, à°¸à±à°²à±à°µà±à°¨à°¿à°¯à°¾ à°à°¨à±à°¨à°¾à°¯à°¿.à°à°²à±à°ªà±à°¨à± పరà±à°µà°¾à°¹à° à°ªà±à°°à°¾à°à°¤à° సరిహదà±à°¦à±à°²à°¨à± à°à°²à°¿à°à°¿ పౠవà±à°¯à°¾à°²à±, à°µà±à°¨à±à°·à°¿à°¯à°¨à± à°®à±à°¦à°¾à°¨à°¾à°²à°à± సమà±à°ªà°à°²à± à°à°à°¦à°¿.à°à°¦à°¿ à°ªà±à°°à±à°¤à°¿à°à°¾ à°à°à°²à± à°¦à±à°µà±à°ªà°à°²à±à°ªà° à°¦à°à±à°·à°¿à°£à°à±à°¨à°²à± à°à°¨à±à°¨à°à°¦à±à°¨ à°¦à°à±à°·à°¿à°£à°à°²à± à°à°à°¾à°²à°¿à°¯à°¨à± à°¦à±à°µà±à°ªà°à°²à±à°ªà°, సిసిలà±, సారà±à°¡à°¿à°¨à°¿à°¯à°¾ à°°à±à°à°¡à± మధà±à°¯à°§à°°à°¾ à°¦à±à°µà±à°ªà°¾à°²à°¤à± à° à°¨à±à° à°²à°à±à°¦à±à°µà±à°ªà°¾à°²à°¨à± à°à°²à°¿à°à°¿ à°à°à°¦à°¿. సానà±âమారినà±, వాà°à°¿à°à°¨à± సిà°à± సారà±à°µà°à±à°® à°°à°¾à°à±à°¯à°¾à°² à°à°à°à±à°²à±à°µà±à°¸à± à°à°à°²à±à°²à±à°¨à± à°à°¨à±à°¨à°¾à°¯à°¿. à°à°¾à°à°ªà°¿à°¯à±à°¨à± à°¡à°¿ à°à°à°¾à°²à°¿à°¯à°¾ à° à°¨à±à°¦à°¿ à°¸à±à°µà°¿à°à±à°à°°à±à°²à°¾à°à°¡à±âà°à± à°à±à°à°¦à°¿à°¨ à°à° à°à°à°¾à°²à°¿à°¯à°¨à± à°à°à±à°¸à±à°à±à°²à±à°µà±.
à°¦à±à°¶à° à°®à±à°¤à±à°¤à° à°ªà±à°°à°¾à°à°¤à° 3,01,230 à°à°¦à°°à°ªà± à°à°¿à°²à±à°®à±à°à°°à±à°²à± à°à±à°à°¾à°à°, 2,94,020 à°.à°à°¿.మౠ(113,522 à°.à°®à±) à°à±à°®à°¿, 7,210 à°.à°à°¿.à°®à±. (2,784 à°.à°®à±) à°à°²à°à°¾à°à° à°à°¨à±à°¨à°¾à°¯à°¿. à°à°²à°à°¾à°à°à°²à± à°¦à±à°µà±à°ªà°¾à°²à°¤à± à°à°à°²à± à° à°¦à±à°°à°¿à°¯à°¾à°à°¿à°à±, à°à°¯à±à°¨à°¿à°¯à°¨à±, à°à°¿à°°à±à°¹à±à°¨à°¿à°¯à°¨à± సమà±à°¦à±à°°à°¾à°²à± (740 à°à°¿.మౠ(460 à°®à±)), సమà±à°¦à±à°°à° (488 à°à°¿.మౠ(303 à°®à±)) à°à°¸à±à°à±à°°à°¿à°¯à°¾ (à°à°¸à±à°à±à°°à°¿à°¯à°¾ (568 à°à°¿.à°®à±)) తౠసరిహదà±à°¦à±à°²à± 7,600 à°à°¿.à°®à±. (4,722 à°®à±) 430 à°à°¿.మౠ(267 à°®à±)), à°¸à±à°²à±à°µà±à°¨à°¿à°¯à°¾ (232 à°à°¿.మౠ(144 à°®à±)), à°¸à±à°µà°¿à°à±à°à°°à±à°²à°¾à°à°¡à± (740 à°à°¿.మౠ(460 à°®à±)). శానౠమారినౠ(39 à°à°¿.మౠ(24 à°®à±)), వాà°à°¿à°à°¨à± సిà°à± (3.2 à°à°¿.మౠ(2.0 à°®à±)) à°ªà±à°¡à°µà±à°¨ సరిహదà±à°¦à±à°ªà±à°°à°¾à°à°¤à°¾à°²à± à°à°¨à±à°¨à°¾à°¯à°¿.శానౠమారినà±, వాà°à°¿à°à°¨à± à°°à±à°à°¡à± à°à°¨à±à°à±à°²à±à°µà±à°²à± మిà°à°¿à°²à°¿à°¨ వాà°à°¿à°à°¿ à°¸à°à°¬à°à°§à°¿à°à°à°¿à°¨ సరిహదà±à°¦à± à°à°à°¦à°¿.
à°à°à°²à± à° à°¤à±à°¯à±à°¨à±à°¨à°¤ à°¸à±à°¥à°¾à°¨à° à°®à±à°à°à± బియాà°à°à± (4,810 మౠలà±à°¦à°¾ 15,780 à° à°¡à±à°à±à°²à±) లౠà°à°à°¦à°¿. à°à°à°²à± à°ªà±à°¡à°µà±à°¨ నది (652 à°à°¿à°²à±à°®à±à°à°°à±à°²à± à°²à±à°¦à°¾ 405 à°®à±à°³à±à°³à±) )[note 2] à°«à±à°°à°¾à°à°¸à±â పశà±à°à°¿à°® సరిహదà±à°¦à±à°²à± à°à°¨à±à°¨ పరà±à°µà°¤à°¶à±à°°à±à°£à°¿ à°¨à±à°à°¡à°¿ à°ªà±à°°à°µà°¹à°¿à°¸à±à°¤à±à°à°¦à°¿. à° à°¡à±à°°à°¿à°¯à°¾à°à°¿à°à± సమà±à°¦à±à°°à° మారà±à°à°à°²à± పడనౠమà±à°¦à°¾à°¨à°¾à°¨à±à°¨à°¿ దాà°à±à°¤à±à°à°¦à°¿.[83] à°à°°à±à°¡à°¾ 367.94 à°.à°à°¿.à°®à±, మాà°à±à°à°¿à°¯à±à°°à± (212.51 à°.à°à°¿.à°®à±. à°²à±à°¦à°¾ 82 à°.మౠసరిహదà±à°¦à±à°¨à± à°¸à±à°µà°¿à°à±à°à°°à±à°²à°¾à°à°¡à±âతౠపà°à°à±à°à±à°à°à±à°à°¦à°¿), à°à±à°®à± (145.9 à°.à°à°¿.à°®à±.à°²à±à°¦à°¾ 56 à°.à°®à±.), à°¤à±à°°à°¿à°¸à°¿à°®à±à°¨à± (124.29 à°.à°à°¿.మౠలà±à°¦à°¾ 48 à°.à°®à±.), à°¬à±à°²à±à°¸à±à°¨à°¾ (113.55 à°.à°à°¿.మౠలà±à°¦à°¾ 44 à°.à°®à±). à°à°à°²à±à°²à± à° à°à±à°à±à°¨à°¾ నది à°à±à°¡à°¾ à°à°à°¦à°¿.
à°¦à±à°¶à°à°²à± à°à°à°¾à°²à°¿à°¯à°¨à± à°¦à±à°µà±à°ªà°à°²à±à°ªà° à°à°¾à°à°à°à°¾ à°à°¨à±à°¨à°ªà±à°ªà°à°¿à°à± à°ªà±à°°à°à±à°à°¨à± à°à°¨à±à°¨ à°¦à±à°µà±à°ªà°¾à°²à±, à°¦à°à±à°·à°¿à°£ à°à°²à±à°ªà±à°¨à± హరివాణఠà°à°¨à±à°¨à°ªà±à°ªà°à°¿à°à± à°à°à°²à± à°à±à°à°¾à°à° à°à±à°à°¤ à°à°²à±à°ªà±à°¨à± à°¬à±à°¸à°¿à°¨à±âà°à± à°µà±à°²à±à°ªà°² విసà±à°¤à°°à°¿à°à°à°¿à°µà±à°à°¦à°¿, à°¯à±à°°à±à°·à°¿à°¯à°¾ à°à°à°¡à°¾à°à°¤à°° à°·à±à°²à±à°«à± à°µà±à°²à±à°ªà°² à°à±à°¨à±à°¨à°¿ à°¦à±à°µà±à°ªà°¾à°²à± à°à°¨à±à°¨à°¾à°¯à°¿. à° à°à±à°à°¾à°à°¾à°²à±: లివిà°à±à°¨à±, à°¸à±à°à±à°¸à±à°à±à°¨à±, à°à°¨à°¿à°à±à°¨à±, à°à±à°¬à±à°²à°¾à°à± (పారà±à°à±), à°à°¿à°¯à°¸à±à°«à±à°°à±à°à±, తారà±à°µà°¿à°¸à±, à°à±à°°à°¾à°¨à± à°à°®à± వినà±à°¸à±à°à°¾à°à± (à°à±à°à°¤ à°à°¾à°à°) à°à°µà°¿ డానà±à°¬à± à°¡à±à°°à±à°¨à±à°à± à°¬à±à°¸à°¿à°¨à±âలౠà°à°¾à°à°à°à°¾ à°à°¨à±à°¨à°¾à°¯à°¿. à°à°¾à°à°¾ వాలౠడి à°²à±à°¯à°¿ à°°à±à°¨à± హరివాణà°, లాà°à°ªà±à°¡à±à°¸à°¾, లాà°à°ªà°¿à°¯à±à°¨à± à°¦à±à°µà±à°ªà°¾à°²à± à°à°«à±à°°à°¿à°à°¨à± à°à°à°¡à°¾à°à°¤à°° à°·à±à°²à±à°«à± à°®à±à°¦ à°à°¨à±à°¨à°¾à°¯à°¿.
-
Monte Bianco in Aosta Valley, the highest point in the European Union
-
Dolomites in the Italian alps
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Lake Como, often cited as the most beautiful lake in the world.[84]
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The Italian Riviera in Liguria
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River delta of the Po river
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The Cascata delle Marmore in Umbria
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Undulating landscape in Tuscany
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Faraglioni rocks, Capri
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The rocky coastline of the Isle of Sant'Antioco, Sardinia
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The Gulf of Macari in San Vito Lo Capo, Sicily
à° à°à±à°¨à°¿à°ªà°°à±à°µà°¤à°¤à°¤à±à°µà° మారà±à°à±
à°¦à±à°¶à° à°¯à±à°°à±à°·à°¿à°¯à°¾ à°ªà±à°²à±à°à±, à°à°«à±à°°à°¿à°à°¨à± à°ªà±à°²à±à°à± à°¸à°à°à°®à°à°²à± à°à°à°¦à°¿. à°à°¦à°¿ à°à°£à°¨à±à°¯à°®à±à°¨ à°à±à°à°à°ª, à° à°à±à°¨à°¿à°ªà°°à±à°µà°¤ à°à°°à±à°¯à°²à°à± à°à°¾à°°à°£à°à°à°¾ à°à°à°¦à°¿. à°à°à°²à±à°²à± 14 à° à°à±à°¨à°¿à°ªà°°à±à°µà°¤à°¾à°²à± à°à°¨à±à°¨à°¾à°¯à°¿. à°µà±à°à°¿à°²à± నాలà±à°à± à°à±à°°à±à°à±à°à°¾ à°à°¨à±à°¨à°¾à°¯à°¿: à°à°à±à°¨à°¾ (వలà±à°à°¾à°¨à± à°¸à±à°®à°¿à°¤à± à°¸à°à°ªà±à°°à°¦à°¾à°¯ à°ªà±à°°à°¦à±à°¶à°), à°¸à±à°¤à±à°°à°¾à°à°¬à±à°²à°¿, వలà±à°à°¨à±, à°µà±à°¸à±à°µà°¿à°¯à°¸à±. à°°à±à°à°¡à±à°¦à°¿ à°à°°à±à°ªà°¾ à°ªà±à°°à°§à°¾à°¨ à°à±à°à°¾à°à°à°²à± à°à°à±à° à°à±à°°à±à°à±à°¨ à° à°à±à°¨à°¿à°ªà°°à±à°µà°¤à°, à°à°¦à°¿ సా.à°¶. 79 లౠవిసà±à°ªà±à°à°¨à°²à± పాà°à°ªà±, à°¹à±à°°à±à°à±à°²à°¾à°¨à°¾à° నాశనఠà°à±à°¯à°¡à°¾à°¨à°¿à°à°¿ à° à°¤à±à°¯à°à°¤ à°ªà±à°°à°¸à°¿à°¦à±à°§à°¿ à°à±à°à°¦à°¿à°à°¦à°¿. à° à°à±à°¨à°¿à°ªà°°à±à°µà°¤ à°à°°à±à°¯à°²à°à± à° à°¨à±à° à°¦à±à°µà±à°ªà°¾à°²à±, à°à±à°à°¡à°²à± à°¸à±à°·à±à°à°¿à°à°à°¬à°¡à±à°¡à°¾à°¯à°¿.à°à°¾à°²à°¾ à°ªà±à°¦à±à°¦ à°à±à°°à±à°à±à°à°¾ à°à°¨à±à°¨ à°à°¾à°²à±à°¡à±à°°à°¾, à°¨à±à°ªà°¿à°²à±à°¸à± నారà±à°¤à±-à°µà±à°¸à±à°à±à°à°¿ à°à±à°à°¦à°¿à°¨ à°à°¾à°à°ªà°¿ à°«à±à°²à±à°à±à°°à°¿.
ఠధిఠఠà°à±à°¨à°¿à°ªà°°à±à°µà°¤, మాà°à±à°®à°¾à°à°¿à°à± నియà±à°à±à°¨à°¿à°à± à°à°°à±à°¯à°²à± రాషà±à°à±à°°à°¾à°²à°²à± à°à°ªà°µà°¿à°à°à°¨ à°à±à°¯à°¬à°¡à±à°¡à°¾à°¯à°¿:
à°®à°à±à°®à°¾à°à°¿à°à± à°à±à°¸à±à°à°¾à°¨à± (à°®à±à°à°à± సిమిని, à°à±à°²à±à°«à°¾, ఠమయà°);
- à°®à°à±à°®à°¾à°à°¿à°à± లాà°à°¿à°¯à° (à°®à±à°à°à± à°µà±à°²à±à°¸à°¿à°¨à°¿, విà°à± à°¨à±à°²à± లాà°à°¿à°¯à±, à°à±à°²à°¿ à° à°²à±à°¬à°¾à°¨à±, à°°à±à°à°¾à°à°¾à°¨à±à°«à°¿à°¨à°¾);
- à°à°²à±à°à±à°°à°¾-à°à°²à±à°à°²à±à°¨à± à°à°®à±à°¬à±à°°à°¿à°¯à°¨à± లాà°à°¿à°¯à° à°¡à°¿à°¸à±à°à±à°°à°¿à°à± (సానౠవà±à°¨à°¨à±à°à±, à°à°ªà±à°à°²à±à°²à±, à°ªà±à°²à°¿à°¨à±);
- à°µà±à°²à±à°à°¾à°¨à°¿à°à± à°¬à±à°²à± (à°µà±à°¸à±à°µà°¿à°¯à°¸à±, à°à°¾à°à°ªà°¿ à°«à±à°²à±à°à±à°°à±, à°à°·à°¿à°¯à°¾);
- à°à°¾à°²à±à°²à±à°à°² à°µà°à°ªà±, à°à±à°°à±à°¹à±à°¨à°¿à°¯à°¨à± హరివాణఠ(à°à°¯à±à°²à°¿à°¯à°¨à± à°¦à±à°µà±à°ªà°¾à°²à±, à°à°¿à°°à±à°¹à±à°¨à°¿à°¯à°¨à± à°¸à±à°®à°à°¡à±à°¸à±);
- à°à°«à±à°°à°¿à°à°¨à±-à° à°¡à±à°°à°¿à°¯à°¾à°à°¿à°à± à° à°µà°à°ª (à°à°¾à°¨à°²à± ఠఫౠసిసిలà±, à°à±à°°à°¾à°¹à° à°à°²à°¾à°à°¡à±, à°à°à±à°¨à°¾, à°®à±à°à°à± వలà±à°à°°à±).
1950 à°² వరà°à± à°à°à°²à± లాడరà±à°²à±à°²à± à°ªà±à°°à°¾à°à°¤à°à°²à± విదà±à°¯à±à°¤à±à°¤à±à°¨à± à°à°¤à±à°ªà°¤à±à°¤à°¿ à°à±à°¯à°¡à°¾à°¨à°¿à°à°¿ à°à±à°à°·à±à°£ à°¶à°à±à°¤à°¿à°¨à°¿ à°¦à±à°ªà°¿à°¡à± à°à±à°¯à°¡à°¾à°¨à°¿à°à°¿ à°®à±à°à±à°à°®à±à°¦à°à°¿, à°à°à±à° à°¦à±à°¶à° తరà±à°µà°¾à°¤ à°®à±à°à°à± à° à°®à±à°à°¾ à°ªà±à°°à°¾à°à°¤à°à°²à± à°à°à°¦à°¿. à°¦à±à°µà±à°ªà°à°²à±à°ªà°à°²à± à°à°¾à°à°®à±à°¨ ఠధిఠà°à±à°à°·à±à°£ à°ªà±à°°à°¤à±à°¯à°¾à°®à±à°¨à°¾à°¯à° à°à°à°¦à°¿. 1960, 1970 లలౠà°à°°à°¿à°ªà°¿à°¨ పరిశà±à°§à°¨ లాà°à°¿à°¯à±, à°à±à°¸à±à°à°¾à°¨à±à°²à°²à±à°¨à°¿ ఠలాà°à± à° à°¨à±à° à° à°à±à°¨à°¿à°ªà°°à±à°µà°¤ à°¦à±à°µà±à°²à°²à±à°¨à°¿ à°¸à°à°à°¾à°µà±à°¯ à°à±à°à°·à±à°£ à°°à°à°à°¾à°²à°¨à± à°à±à°°à±à°¤à°¿à°¸à±à°¤à±à°à°¦à°¿.[85]
పరà±à°¯à°¾à°µà°°à°£à° మారà±à°à±
à°à°à°²à± à°¤à±à°µà°°à°¿à°¤ పారిశà±à°°à°¾à°®à°¿à° à°µà±à°¦à±à°§à°¿ తరà±à°µà°¾à°¤ à°à°à°²à± తన పరà±à°¯à°¾à°µà°°à°£ సమసà±à°¯à°²à°¨à± à°à°¦à±à°°à±à°à±à°¨à±à°à°¦à±à°à± à°à°¾à°²à°¾ సమయఠపà°à±à°à°¿à°à°¦à°¿. à° à°¨à±à° à°®à±à°°à±à°à±à°¦à°² à°à°°à±à°¯à°²à± à°à±à°ªà°à±à°à°¿à°¨. తరà±à°µà°¾à°¤ à°à°¦à°¿ à°à°ªà±à°ªà±à°¡à± పరà±à°¯à°¾à°µà°°à°£ à°¸à±à°¥à°¿à°°à°¤à±à°µà°¾à°¨à°¿à°à°¿ à°ªà±à°°à°ªà°à°à°®à±à°²à± 84 à°µ à°¸à±à°¥à°¾à°¨à°à°²à± à°à°à°¦à°¿.[86] à°à°¾à°¤à±à°¯ పారà±à°à±à°²à± à°¦à±à°¶à° 5% à°®à°à°¦à°¿à°¨à°¿ à°à°²à°¿à°à°¿ à°à°¨à±à°¨à°¾à°¯à°¿.[87] à°à°¤ దశాబà±à°¦à°à°²à± à°à°à°²à± à°ªà±à°°à°ªà°à°à°ªà± à°ªà±à°¨à°°à±à°¤à±à°ªà°¾à°¦à° à°à°à°§à°¨ à°à°¤à±à°ªà°¾à°¦à° à°¸à°à°¸à±à°¥à°²à°²à± à°à°à°à°¿à°à°¾ నిలిà°à°¿à°à°¦à°¿. à°à°à°²à± à°¸à±à°° à°¶à°à±à°¤à°¿ సామరà±à°¥à±à°¯à° à°ªà±à°°à°ªà°à°à°à°²à±à°¨à± నాలà±à°à± à°¸à±à°¥à°¾à°¨à°à°²à± à°à°à°¦à°¿.[88][89] 2010 లౠà°à°°à°µ à°ªà±à°¦à±à°¦ వాయà±à°µà± à°à°¤à±à°ªà°¤à±à°¤à°¿ సామరà±à°¥à±à°¯à° à°à°²à°¿à°à°¿à°µà±à°à°¦à°¿.
[90] à°ªà±à°¨à°°à±à°¤à±à°ªà°¾à°¦à° à°¶à°à±à°¤à±à°²à± à°à°à°²à±à°²à± à°®à±à°¤à±à°¤à° à°ªà±à°°à°¾à°¥à°®à°¿à° à°¶à°à±à°¤à°¿ వినియà±à°à°à°²à± à°¸à±à°®à°¾à°°à± 12% వరà°à± à°à°à°à°¾à°¯à°¿. à°à°¦à°¿ 2020 à°¸à°à°µà°¤à±à°¸à°°à°¾à°¨à°¿à°à°¿ 17% à°²à°à±à°·à±à°¯à°à°à°¾ à° à°à°¿à°µà±à°¦à±à°§à°¿ à°à±à°¯à°¾à°²à°¨à°¿ à°à°¾à°µà°¿à°¸à±à°¤à±à°¨à±à°¨à°¾à°°à±.[91]
à°à°¦à°¿ à°à°®à°¯à°¿à°¨à°ªà±à°ªà°à°¿à°à± వాయౠà°à°¾à°²à±à°·à±à°¯à° à°®à±à°à±à°¯à°à°à°¾ పారిశà±à°°à°¾à°®à°¿à° à°°à°à°à° à°¨à±à°à°¡à°¿ à°µà±à°²à±à°µà°¡à±à°¤à±à°¨à±à°¨ " à°à°à°¡à°¸à±à°à±à°°à°¿à°¯à°²à± à°à°¾à°°à±à°¬à°¨à± à°¡à±à°¯à°¾à°à±à°¸à±à°¡à± " à°ªà±à°°à°¤à±à°¯à±à°à°à°à°¾ à°à°¤à±à°¤à°°à°ªà±à°°à°¾à°à°¤à°à°²à± à°à° à°¤à±à°µà±à°°à°®à±à°¨ సమసà±à°¯à°à°¾ à°à°à°¦à°¿. à°à°¦à°¿ 1990 లలౠపారిశà±à°°à°¾à°®à°¿à° à°à°¾à°°à±à°¬à°¨à± డయాà°à±à°¸à±à°¡à± à°à°¦à±à°à°¾à°°à°¾à°²à± à°ªà±à°°à°ªà°à°à°µà±à°¯à°¾à°ªà±à°¤à°à°à°¾ 10 à°µ à° à°¤à±à°¯à°§à°¿à° à°¸à±à°¥à°¾à°¯à°¿à°à°¿ à°à±à°°à±à°à±à°à°¦à°¿.[92] à°à°à°²à± 12 à°µ ఠతిపà±à°¦à±à°¦ à°à°¾à°°à±à°¬à°¨à± డయాà°à±à°¸à±à°¡à± నిరà±à°®à°¾à°¤.[93][94]
1970, 1980 à°² నాà°à°¿ à°¨à±à°à°¡à°¿ à°¸à±à°®à±à°à± à°¸à±à°¥à°¾à°¯à°¿à°²à± నాà°à°à±à°¯à°à°à°¾ à°¤à°à±à°à°¿à°¨à°ªà±à°ªà°à°¿à°à± ఠతిపà±à°¦à±à°¦ à°®à±à°à±à°°à±à°ªà°¾à°²à°¿à°à°¨à± à°ªà±à°°à°¾à°à°¤à°¾à°²à°²à± విసà±à°¤à±à°¤à°®à±à°¨ à°à±à°°à°¾à°«à°¿à°à±, à°°à°¦à±à°¦à± వలన à°¤à±à°µà±à°°à°®à±à°¨ పరà±à°¯à°¾à°µà°°à°£, à°à°°à±à°à±à°¯ సమసà±à°¯à°²à± à°à°°à±à°ªà°¡à°¤à±à°¨à±à°¨à°¾à°¯à°¿. à°ªà±à°à°®à°à°à± à°à°à°¡à°à° à° à°¨à±à°¦à°¿ à°à°¾à°²à°¾ à° à°°à±à°¦à±à°¨ à°¦à±à°à±à°µà°¿à°·à°¯à°à°à°¾ మారిà°à°¦à°¿, సలà±à°«à°°à± డయాà°à±à°¸à±à°¡à± à°¸à±à°¥à°¾à°¯à°¿à°²à± à°¤à°à±à°à±à°¤à±à°¨à±à°¨à°¾à°¯à°¿.[95]
à° à°¨à±à° à°¨à±à°à°¿ వనరà±à°²à±, à°¤à±à°°à°ªà±à°°à°¾à°à°¤à°¾à°²à°¨à± పారిశà±à°°à°¾à°®à°¿à°, à°µà±à°¯à°µà°¸à°¾à°¯ à°à°¾à°°à±à°¯à°à°²à°¾à°ªà°¾à°²à± à°à±à°¡à°¾ à°à°²à±à°·à°¿à°¤à° à°à±à°¶à°¾à°¯à°¿. à°¨à±à°à°¿ à°¸à±à°¥à°¾à°¯à°¿à°² à°ªà±à°°à±à°à±à°¦à°² à°à°¾à°°à°£à°à°à°¾ à°µà±à°¨à°¿à°¸à±à°²à± à°à°à±à°µà°² à°¸à°à°µà°¤à±à°¸à°°à°¾à°²à±à°²à± తరà°à± వరదలౠసà°à°à°µà°¿à°à°à°¾à°¯à°¿. పారిశà±à°°à°¾à°®à°¿à° à°à°¾à°°à±à°¯à°à°²à°¾à°ªà°¾à°² à°¨à±à°à°¡à°¿ à°µà±à°¯à°°à±à°§à°¾à°²à± à°à°²à±à°²à°ªà±à°ªà±à°¡à± à°à°à±à°à°ªà°°à°®à±à°¨ మారà±à°à°¾à°² à°¦à±à°µà°¾à°°à°¾ à°¤à±à°²à°à°¿à°à°à°¬à°¡à°¡à° à°²à±à°¦à±. మరియ à°¸à±à°µà±à°¸à± విపతà±à°¤à± విషయà°à°²à± à°ªà±à°°à°à°¾à°µà°¿à°¤ à°ªà±à°°à°¾à°à°¤à°¾à°²à±à°²à± నివాసితà±à°²à± శాశà±à°µà°¤ à°à°°à±à°à±à°¯ à°ªà±à°°à°à°¾à°µà°¾à°²à°à± à°²à±à°¨à±à°à°¾à°µà°¡à°¾à°¨à°¿à°à°¿ దారితà±à°¸à°¿à°à°¦à°¿. à°¦à±à°¶à° 1963, 1990 మధà±à°¯ à° à°¨à±à° ఠణౠరియాà°à±à°à°°à±à°²à°¨à± à°à±à°¡à°¾ నిరà±à°µà°¹à°¿à°à°à°¿à°à°¦à°¿. à°à°¾à°¨à± à°à±à°°à±à°¨à±à°¬à°¿à°²à± విపతà±à°¤à±, ఠసమసà±à°¯à°ªà± à°ªà±à°°à°à°¾à°à°¿à°ªà±à°°à°¾à°¯ à°¸à±à°à°°à°£ తరà±à°µà°¾à°¤ ఠణౠà°à°¾à°°à±à°¯à°à±à°°à°®à° à°°à°¦à±à°¦à± à°à±à°¯à°¬à°¡à°¿à°¨ తరà±à°µà°¾à°¤. 2008 లౠనాలà±à°à± ఠణౠవిదà±à°¯à±à°¤à± à°ªà±à°²à°¾à°à°à±à°²à°à± à°«à±à°°à±à°à°à± సాà°à°à±à°¤à°¿à°à°¤à°¤à± à°ªà±à°°à°à±à°¤à±à°µà° à°°à°¦à±à°¦à±à°à±à°¯à°¾à°²à°¨à°¿ à°à° నిరà±à°£à°¯à° à°¤à±à°¸à±à°à±à°¨à±à°¨à°¦à°¿. à°«à±à°à±à°·à°¿à°®à°¾ ఠణౠపà±à°°à°®à°¾à°¦à°¾à°¨à°¿à°à°¿ తరà±à°µà°¾à°¤ à°ªà±à°°à°à°¾à°à°¿à°ªà±à°°à°¾à°¯ à°¸à±à°à°°à°£ తరà±à°µà°¾à°¤ ఠనిరà±à°£à°¯à° à°¤à±à°¸à±à°à±à°µà°¡à°¾à°¨à°¿à°à°¿ దారితà±à°¸à°¿à°à°¦à°¿.[96] à° à°à°µà± నిరà±à°®à±à°²à°¨ à°à°à±à°à°µà°¿à°°à±à°¦à±à°§à°®à±à°¨ నిరà±à°®à°¾à°£à°¾à°²à± à° à°à°¿à°µà±à°¦à±à°§à°¿, à°ªà±à°²à°µà°®à±à°¨ à°à±-నిరà±à°µà°¹à°£ విధానాలౠà°à°à°²à± పరà±à°µà°¤ à°ªà±à°°à°¾à°à°¤à°¾à°²à°ªà± à°à°£à°¨à±à°¯à°®à±à°¨ ఠనారà±à°à±à°¯à°¾à°¨à°¿à°à°¿ à°à°¾à°°à°£à°®à°¯à±à°¯à°¾à°¯à°¿. 1963 à°µà°à±à° డాఠవరద, 1998 సరà±à°¨à± [97] 2009 à°®à±à°¸à±à°¸à°¿à°¨à°¾ à°à±à°à±à°·à°¯à° à°µà°à°à°¿ à°ªà±à°°à°§à°¾à°¨ పరà±à°¯à°¾à°µà°°à°£ à°µà±à°ªà°°à±à°¤à±à°¯à°¾à°²à°à± à°à°¦à°¿ దారితà±à°¸à°¿à°à°¦à°¿.
à°à±à°µà°µà±à°µà°¿à°§à±à°¯à° మారà±à°à±
à°à°à°²à±à°²à± à°à°à°¤à±à°à°¾à°²à° à°à±à°µà°µà±à°µà°¿à°§à±à°¯à° à° à°¤à±à°¯à°§à°¿à° à°¸à±à°¥à°¾à°¯à°¿à°²à± à°à°à°¦à°¿. à°à°à±à°à°¡ à°®à±à°¤à±à°¤à° 57,000 à°à°¾à°¤à±à°²à± నమà±à°¦à± à°à±à°¯à°¬à°¡à±à°¡à°¾à°¯à°¿. à°®à±à°¤à±à°¤à° à°¯à±à°°à±à°ªà°¿à°¯à°¨à± à°à°à°¤à±à°µà±à°²à°²à± à°®à±à°¡à°¿à°à° à°à° à°µà°à°¤à± à°à°à°à± à°à°à±à°à±à°µà°à°¾ à°à°¦à°¿ à°ªà±à°°à°¾à°¤à°¿à°¨à°¿à°§à±à°¯à° వహిసà±à°¤à±à°à°¦à°¿.[99] à°à°à°¾à°²à°¿à°¯à°¨à± à°¦à±à°µà±à°ªà°à°²à±à°ªà° మధà±à°¯à°§à°°à°¾ సమà±à°¦à±à°°à° మధà±à°¯à°²à± à°à°à°¦à°¿. మధà±à°¯ à°¯à±à°°à±à°ªà±, à°à°¤à±à°¤à°° à°à°«à±à°°à°¿à°à°¾ మధà±à°¯ à°à° à°à°¾à°°à°¿à°¡à°¾à°°à±à°¨à± à°à°°à±à°ªà°°à±à°¸à±à°¤à±à°à°¦à°¿., 8,000 à°à°¿.à°®à±. à°à°à°²à± à°à±à°¡à°¾ బాలà±à°à°¨à±, à°¯à±à°°à±à°·à°¿à°¯à°¾, మధà±à°¯ à°ªà±à°°à°¾à°à±à°¯à° à°¨à±à°à°¡à°¿ à°à°¾à°¤à±à°²à°¨à± à°ªà±à°à°¦à±à°¤à±à°à°¦à°¿. à°à°²à±à°ªà±à°¸à±, à° à°ªà±à°ªà°¿à°¨à±à°¨à±à°¸à±, à°¸à±à°à°à±à°°à°²à± à°à°à°¾à°²à°¿à°¯à°¨à± à° à°à°µà±à°ªà±à°°à°¾à°à°¤à°¾à°²à±, à°¦à°à±à°·à°¿à°£ à°à°à°¾à°²à°¿à°¯à°¨à± à°à°¾à°°à±à°à±à°¯à±, మాà°à±à°µà°¿à°¸à± à°ªà±à°à±à°à°¡à±à°²à°¾à°à°¡à±à°²à°¤à± సహా à°à°à°²à± à°à°¿à°¨à±à°¨à°®à±à°¨ à°à±à°à±à°³à°¿à° నిరà±à°®à°¾à°£à° à°à±à°¡à°¾ ఠధిఠవాతావరణà°, నివాస à°µà±à°µà°¿à°§à±à°¯à°¾à°¨à°¿à°à°¿ à°¦à±à°¹à°¦à°ªà°¡à±à°¤à±à°à°¦à°¿.
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à°à°¤ à°à°¾à°¤à±à°¯ à°µà±à°¯à°µà°¸à°¾à°¯ à°à°¨à°¾à°à°¾ à°²à±à°à±à°à°² à°ªà±à°°à°à°¾à°°à° 2010 లౠ1.6 మిలియనà±à°² à°µà±à°¯à°µà°¸à°¾à°¯ à°à±à°·à±à°¤à±à°°à°¾à°²à± (2000 à°¨à±à°à°¡à°¿ -32.4%) 12.7 మిలియనౠహà±à°à±à°à°¾à°°à±à°²à± (63% à°¦à°à±à°·à°¿à°£ à°à°à°²à±à°²à± à°à°¨à±à°¨à°¾à°¯à°¿) à°à°¨à±à°¨à°¾à°¯à°¿.[140] ఠధిఠసà°à°à±à°¯à°²à± (99%) à°à±à°à±à°à°¬à°-పనిà°à±à°¸à±, à°à°¿à°¨à±à°¨à°¦à°¿ à°à±à°·à±à°¤à±à°°à°¾à°²à±à°à°¾ à°à±à°µà°²à° 8 à°¹à±à°à±à°à°¾à°°à±à°² పరిమాణఠమాతà±à°°à°®à± à°à°¨à±à°¨à°¾à°¯à°¿.[140] à°µà±à°¯à°µà°¸à°¾à°¯ à°à°ªà°¯à±à°à°¾à°²à±à°²à± à°®à±à°¤à±à°¤à° à°à°ªà°°à°¿à°¤à°² à°µà±à°¶à°¾à°²à±à°¯à°à°²à± (à° à°à°µà± మినహాయిà°à°ªà±) ధానà±à°¯à° à°à±à°·à±à°¤à±à°°à°¾à°²à± 31%, à°à°²à°¿à°µà± à°à±à°à±à°à± à°¤à±à°à°²à± 8.2%, à°µà±à°¨à±à°¯à°¾à°°à±à°¡à±à°²à± 5.4%, సిà°à±à°°à°¸à± à°à°°à±à°à°°à±à°¡à±à°¸à± 3.8%, à°à°à±à°à±à°° à°¦à±à°à°ªà°²à± 1.7%,, హారà±à°à°¿à°à°²à±à°à°°à± 2.4%. మిà°à°¿à°²à°¿à°¨à°µà°¿ à°ªà±à°°à°§à°¾à°¨à°à°à°¾ à°ªà°à±à°à°¿à° బయళà±à°²à°à± (25.9%), తిà°à°¡à°¿ à°à°¿à°à°à°²à± (11.6%) à°à°¨à±à°¨à°¾à°¯à°¿.[140] à°à°à°²à± à°ªà±à°°à°ªà°à° à°à°¾à°ªà± à°µà±à°¨à± నిరà±à°®à°¾à°¤,[141] à°à°²à°¿à°µà± à°¨à±à°¨à±, à°ªà°à°¡à±à°²à± (à°à°ªà°¿à°²à±à°², à°à°²à±à°µà±à°²à±, à°¦à±à°°à°¾à°à±à°·, నారిà°à°, à°²à±à°®à°¾à°¨à±à°²à±, à°¬à±à°°à°¿, à°à°ªà±à°°à°¿à°à°¾à°à±à°²à±, హాà°à±à°²à± à°¨à°à±à°¸à±, à°ªà±à°à±à°¸à±, à°à±à°°à±à°°à±à°¸à±, à°°à±à°à± à°ªà°à°¡à±à°²à±, à°¸à±à°à±à°°à°¾à°¬à±à°°à±à°°à±à°²à±, à°à°¿à°µà°¿ à°«à°à±à°²à±) à°à±à°°à°à°¾à°¯à°²à± (à°®à±à°à±à°¯à°à°à°¾ à°à°°à±à°à°¿à°à±à°à±à°¸à±, à°à°®à±à°à°¾à°²à±) à°µà±à°¯à°µà°¸à°¾à°¯à°à°²à± à°ªà±à°°à°¾à°§à°¾à°¨à±à°¯à°¤ వహిసà±à°¤à±à°¨à±à°¨à°¾à°¯à°¿. à° à°¤à±à°¯à°à°¤ à°ªà±à°°à°¸à°¿à°¦à±à°§ à°à°à°¾à°²à°¿à°¯à°¨à± à°µà±à°¨à±à°²à°²à± బహà±à°¶à°¾ à°à±à°¸à±à°à°¾à°¨à± à°à°¿à°¯à°¾à°à°à±, à°ªà±à°¡à±à°®à±à°à°à°¿à°¸à± బరà±à°²à±. బారà±à°¬à±à°°à±à°¸à±à°à±, బరà±à°¬à±à°°à°¾ à°¡à°¿ à° à°¸à±à°¤à±, à°¬à±à°°à±à°¨à±à°²à±à°²à± à°¡à°¿ à°®à±à°à°à°²à±à°¸à°¿à°¨à±, à°«à±à°°à°¸à±à°à°¾à°à°¿, à°®à±à°à°à±à°ªà°²à±à°¸à°¿à°¯à±à°¨à± à°¡à°¿ à° à°¬à±à°°à±à°à±, à°®à±à°°à±à°²à°¿à°¨à± à°¡à°¿ à°¸à±à°à°¾à°¨à±à°¸à°¾à°¨à±, à°®à±à°°à±à°ªà± à°µà±à°¨à±à°¸à± à°«à±à°°à°¾à°¨à±à°¸à°¿à°¯à°à±à°à°¾, à°ªà±à°°à±à°¸à±à°à±à°à± à°µà°à°à°¿ à°à°¤à°° à°ªà±à°°à°¸à°¿à°¦à±à°§ à°µà±à°¨à±à°²à± à°ªà±à°°à°¾à°§à°¾à°¨à±à°¯à°¤ వహిసà±à°¤à±à°¨à±à°¨à°¾à°¯à°¿. à°à°à°²à± à°ªà±à°°à°¤à±à°¯à±à°à°à°à°¾ à°à°¨à±à°¨ నాణà±à°¯à°¤à°à°²à°¿à°à°¿à°¨ వసà±à°¤à±à°µà±à°²à± à°®à±à°à±à°¯à°à°à°¾ à°à°ªà±à°ªà°à°¿à°à± à°ªà±à°°à±à°à±à°¨à±à°¨ à°µà±à°¨à±à°²à±, à°ªà±à°°à°¾à°à°¤à±à°¯ à°à±à°à±à°²à± తరà°à±à°à°¾ నాణà±à°¯à°¤ హామౠలà±à°¬à±à°³à±à°² à°à±à°°à°¿à°à°¦ à°¡à°¿.à°.సి / à°¡à°¿.à°.పి à°à±à°°à°¿à°à°¦ à°°à°à±à°·à°¿à°à°à°¬à°¡à°¤à°¾à°¯à°¿. à° à°à±à°à±à°³à°¿à° à°¸à±à°à°¨ à°ªà±à°°à°®à°¾à°£à°ªà°¤à±à°°à° à°¯à±à°°à±à°ªà°¿à°¯à°¨à± à°¯à±à°¨à°¿à°¯à°¨à± à°à±à°¤ à°à±à°ªà±à°ªà°¬à°¡à±à°¤à±à°¨à±à°¨à°¦à°¿. à°¤à°à±à°à±à°µ నాణà±à°¯à°¤ à°à°² à°à°¤à±à°ªà°¾à°¦à° à°à°°à±à°°à±à°¸à°¾à°à± à°à°¤à±à°ªà°¤à±à°¤à±à°²à°¤à± à°à°à°¦à°°à°à±à°³à°¾à°¨à±à°¨à°¿ నివారిà°à°à°¡à°¾à°¨à°¿à°à°¿ à°®à±à°à±à°¯à°®à±à°¨à°¦à°¿à°à°¾ పరిà°à°£à°¿à°à°à°¬à°¡à±à°¤à±à°à°¦à°¿.
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2004 లౠà°à°à°²à±à°²à± రవాణా విà°à°¾à°à° à°¸à±à°®à°¾à°°à± 119.4 బిలియనౠయà±à°°à±à°² à°à°°à±à°¨à±à°µà°°à±à°¨à± à°à°¤à±à°ªà°¤à±à°¤à°¿ à°à±à°¸à°¿à°à°¦à°¿. à°à°¦à°¿ 1,53,700 à°¸à°à°¸à±à°¥à°²à±à°²à± 9,35,700 à°®à°à°¦à°¿ à°à°¦à±à°¯à±à°à±à°²à°¨à± à°à°ªà°¾à°§à°¿ à°à°²à±à°ªà°¿à°¸à±à°¤à±à°à°¦à°¿. à°à°¾à°¤à±à°¯ à°°à±à°¡à±à°¡à± à°¨à±à°à±à°µà°°à±à°à± 2002 లౠ668,721 à°à±.మౠ(415,524 à°®à±) à°à°à°²à±à°²à± రహదారి à°¸à±à°µà°²à± à° à°à°¦à°¿à°¸à±à°¤à± à°à°¨à±à°¨à°¾à°¯à°¿. à°µà±à°à°¿à°²à± 6,487 à°à°¿.మౠ(4,031 à°®à±) à°®à±à°à°¾à°°à± మారà±à°à°¾à°²à±, à°ªà±à°°à°à±à°¤à±à°µ-యాà°à°®à°¾à°¨à±à°¯à° à°à°¾à°¨à± à°ªà±à°°à±à°µà±à°à±à°à°¾ à° à°à±à°²à°¾à°à°à°¿à°¯à°¾ à°à±à°¤ నిరà±à°µà°¹à°¿à°à°à°¬à°¡à±à°¤à±à°¨à±à°¨à°¾à°¯à°¿. 2005 లౠà°à°¾à°¤à±à°¯ రహదారి à°¨à±à°à±à°µà°°à±à°à±à°²à± 3,46,67,000 à°ªà±à°°à°¯à°¾à°£à±à°à±à°² à°à°¾à°°à±à°²à± (1,000 à°®à°à°¦à°¿à°à°¿ 590 à°à°¾à°°à±à°²à±), 40,15,000 వసà±à°¤à±à°µà±à°² వాహనాలౠపà°à°ªà°¿à°£à± à°à±à°¯à°¬à°¡à±à°¡à°¾à°¯à°¿.[143]
2008 లౠ1,68,529 à°à°¿à°®à± (10,271 à°®à±à°³à±à°³à±), 11,727 à°à°¿à°²à±à°®à±à°à°°à±à°²à± (7,287 à°®à±à°³à±à°³à±) à°°à±à°²à± మారà±à°à°¾à°²à± విదà±à°¯à±à°¦à±à°¦à±à°à°°à°¿à°à°à°¬à°¡à°¿à°¨à°¦à°¿, 4,802 à°²à±à°à±à°®à±à°à°¿à°µà±à°²à±, à°°à±à°²à±à°à°¾à°°à±à°²à± నడà±à°ªà±à°¤à±à°¨à±à°¨à°¾à°¯à°¿.
à°à°¾à°¤à±à°¯ à°²à±à°¤à°à±à°à± à°à°²à°®à°¾à°°à±à°à°¾à°² à°¨à±à°à±à°µà°°à±à°à± 2002 లౠ1,477 à°à°¿.మౠ(918 à°®à±) à°¨à±à°à°¾à°¯à°¾à°¨ నదà±à°²à±, à°à°¾à°¨à±à°³à±à°²à°¨à± à°à°²à°¿à°à°¿ à°à°à°¦à°¿. 2004 లౠసà±à°®à°¾à°°à± 30 à°ªà±à°°à°§à°¾à°¨ విమానాశà±à°°à°¯à°¾à°²à± (మిలనౠలà±à°¨à°¿ మలà±à°ªà±à°à°¸ à°à°à°à°°à±à°¨à±à°·à°¨à°²à±, à°°à±à°®à±à°²à± లియà±à°¨à°¾à°°à±à°¡à± డావినà±à°¸à± à°à°à°à°°à±à°¨à±à°·à°¨à°²à±), 43 à°ªà±à°°à°§à°¾à°¨ à°¨à±à°à°¾à°¶à±à°°à°¯à°¾à°²à± (మధà±à°¯à°§à°°à°¾ సమà±à°¦à±à°°à°à°²à± à°¦à±à°¶à° ఠతి à°ªà±à°¦à±à°¦, à°°à±à°à°¡à°µ ఠతిపà±à°¦à±à°¦ à°à±à°¨à±à°µà°¾ à°¨à±à°à°¾à°¶à±à°°à°¯à°à°¤à± సహా). 2005 లౠà°à°à°²à± à°à° à°ªà±à°° విమాన సమà±à°¦à°¾à°¯à° 3,89,000 à°¯à±à°¨à°¿à°à±à°²à±, 581 à°¨à±à°à°² à°µà±à°¯à°¾à°ªà°¾à°° విమానాలనౠనిరà±à°µà°¹à°¿à°à°à°¿à°à°¦à°¿.[143]
à°à°à°²à± దాని à°¶à°à±à°¤à°¿ ఠవసరాలలౠసà±à°®à°¾à°°à± 80% దిà°à±à°®à°¤à°¿ ఠవసరà°.[144][145][146]
à°à°à°²à± తాà°à±à°¨à±à°à°¿ సరఫరా, పారిశà±à°¦à±à°§à±à°¯ ఠవసà±à°¥à°¾à°ªà°¨ నిరà±à°µà°¹à°¿à°à°à°¡à°¾à°¨à°¿à°à°¿ à°¤à°à°¿à°¨à°à°¤ à°ªà±à°à±à°à±à°¬à°¡à°¿ à°ªà±à°à±à°à°¦à±. à°¯à±à°°à±à°ªà°¿à°¯à°¨à± à°¯à±à°¨à°¿à°¯à°¨à±à°²à± à°¨à±à°°à±, పారిశà±à°§à±à°¯à° à°¸à±à°à°à°¾à°²à± à°¤à°à±à°à±à°µà°à°¾ à°à°¨à±à°¨à°¾à°¯à°¿. 1993 లౠà°à°®à±à°¦à°¿à°à°à°¬à°¡à°¿à°¨ ది à°à°²à±à°²à°¿ లా à°ªà±à°à±à°à±à°¬à°¡à°¿ à°¸à±à°¥à°¾à°¯à°¿à°¨à°¿ à°ªà±à°à°à°¡à°, సరà±à°µà±à°¸à± à°ªà±à°°à±à°µà±à°¡à°°à±à°²à°¨à± à°à°à±à°à±à°¤à° à°à±à°¯à°¡à° à°¦à±à°µà°¾à°°à°¾ à°¸à±à°µ నాణà±à°¯à°¤à°¨à± à°®à±à°°à±à°à±à°ªà°°à°à°¡à° వాà°à°¿à°¨à°¿ మరిà°à°¤ సమరà±à°¥à°µà°à°¤à°à°à°¾ à°à±à°¯à°¡à°, à°¸à±à°à°à° à°à°¦à°¾à°¯à° à°¦à±à°µà°¾à°°à°¾ ధర à°°à°¿à°à°µà°°à± à°¸à±à°¥à°¾à°¯à°¿à°¨à°¿ ఠధిà°à°°à°¿à°à°à°¿à°à°¦à°¿. à° à°¸à°à°¸à±à°à°°à°£à°²à± à°à°¨à±à°¨à°ªà±à°ªà°à°¿à°à± à°ªà±à°à±à°à±à°¬à°¡à±à°² à°¸à±à°¥à°¾à°¯à°¿à°²à± à°à±à°·à±à°£à°¿à°à°à°¿ ఠవసరానిà°à°¿ à°¤à°à°¿à°¨à°à°¤à°à°¾ à°¦à±à°°à°à°à°¾ à°à°¨à±à°¨à°¾à°¯à°¿.[147][148]
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à°à°¤à°° à°ªà±à°°à°®à±à° à°à±à°¤à°¿à° శాసà±à°¤à±à°°à°µà±à°¤à±à°¤à°²à±: à° à°®à±à°¡à°¿à°¯à±à°µà± à° à°µà°à±à°¡à±à°°à± (à°®à±à°à±à°¯à°à°à°¾ à° à°à±à°à±à°¡à±à°°à± à°à°à±à°à°, à° à°µà°à±à°¡à±à°°à± à°¸à±à°¥à°¿à°°à°¾à°à°à°), à°à°µà°¾à°à°à°¿à°²à°¿à°¸à±à°à°¾ à°à±à°°à°¿à°¸à±à°²à±à°²à°¿ (à°¬à±à°°à±à°®à±à°à°°à± à°¸à±à°·à±à°à°¿à°à°°à±à°¤), à° à°²à±à°¶à°¾à°à°¡à±à°°à± à°µà±à°²à±à°à°¾ (à°à°²à°à±à°à±à°°à°¿à°à± à°¬à±à°¯à°¾à°à°°à± à°¯à±à°à±à° à°à°µà°¿à°·à±à°à°°à±à°¤), à°à±à°à±à°²à°¿à°²à±à°®à± మారà±à°à±à°¨à°¿ (à°¸à±à°·à±à°à°¿à°à°°à±à°¤ à°°à±à°¡à°¿à°¯à±), à°à°²à°¿à°²à± à°«à±à°°à°¾à°°à±à°¸à±, à°à°à°¡à±à°¨à±à°·à°¨à± à°ªà±à°¯à±à°°à°¿à°¨à±à°à±à°à°¿, à°à°à°¡à°¸à± à°®à±à°à°¾à°°à± మారà±à°à°¦à°°à±à°¶à°à±à°²à±, à°²à±à°à± బలà±à°¬à±, à°à°¨à±à°¨à±à°¸à±à°à°à± à°®à°à°à±à°à±à°à°¿, à°à°à±, à°°à±à°¬à±à°à°¿à°à±à°¸à± à°à°à±à°à°¿à°à±à°¯à±à°à°¿à°µà± పయనà±à°°à±, à°à°à±à°à±à°°à± à°®à°à±à°°à°¨ (à°®à°à±à°°à°¨ à°«à±à°°à±à°®à±à°²à°¨à± à°à°¨à±à°à±à°¨à±à°¨à°¾à°°à±), à°à°¾à°°à±à°²à± à°°à±à°¬à°¿à°¯à°¾ (1984 à°¨à±à°¬à±à°²à± బహà±à°®à°¤à°¿ సి.à°.à°à°°à±.à°à°¨à± లౠడబలà±à°¯à±, à°à±à°¡à± à°à°£à°¾à°² à°à°µà°¿à°·à±à°à°°à°£à°à± దారితà±à°¸à± పని à°à±à°¸à° à°à±à°¤à°¿à°à°¶à°¾à°¸à±à°¤à±à°°à°). à°à°à°à±à°¨à°¿à°¯à± à°®à±à°¸à±à°¸à± వాయిసà±-à°à°®à±à°¯à±à°¨à°¿à°à±à°·à°¨à± పరిà°à°°à°¾à°¨à±à°¨à°¿ à° à°à°¿à°µà±à°¦à±à°§à°¿ à°à±à°¯à°¡à°¾à°¨à°¿à°à°¿ à°ªà±à°°à± à°à°¾à°à°à°¾à°¡à±. à°à°¦à°¿ తరà°à± à°®à±à°¦à°à°¿ à°à±à°²à°¿à°«à±à°¨à±à°à°¾ పిలà±à°µà°¬à°¡à±à°¤à±à°à°¦à°¿.[154][155] 1964 లౠపà±à°°à± à°à°¾à°°à±à°à°¿à°¯à± à°ªà±à°°à±à°à±à°à± à°®à±à°à±à°à°®à±à°¦à°à°¿ à°¡à±à°¸à±à°à±à°à°¾à°ªà± à°à°à°ªà±à°¯à±à°à°°à±, à°ªà±à°°à±à°à±à°°à°¾à° 101 నౠరà±à°ªà±à°à°¦à°¿à°à°à°¾à°¡à±. à°à°¦à°¿ à°®à±à°¦à°à°¿ à°µà±à°¯à°à±à°¤à°¿à°à°¤ వాణిà°à±à°¯ à°à°à°ªà±à°¯à±à°à°°à±. à°à±à°µà°¶à°¾à°¸à±à°¤à±à°°à°à°²à±, à°«à±à°°à°¾à°¨à±à°¸à°¿à°¸à±à°à± à°°à±à°¡à°¿ à°¤à±à°²à°¿à°¸à°¾à°°à°¿à°à°¾ యాదà±à°à±à°à°¿à° తరఠసిదà±à°§à°¾à°à°¤à°¾à°¨à±à°¨à°¿ సవాలౠà°à±à°¯à°¡à° à°¦à±à°µà°¾à°°à°¾ à°à°à°ªà±à°à±à°²à± à°«à±à°²à±à°¸à± à°à±à°¡à±à°² à°¨à±à°à°¡à°¿ à°µà°à±à°à°¾à°¯à°¨à°¿, ఠతనౠ180 పరానà±à°¨à°à±à°µà°¿ వివరాలనౠవివరిà°à°à°¾à°¡à±. మారà±à°¸à±à°²à±à°²à± మాలà±à°ªà°¿à°à°¿ à°¸à±à°à±à°·à±à°®à°¦à°°à±à°¶à°¿à°¨à°¿ శరà±à°°à°¨à°¿à°°à±à°®à°¾à°£à°¾à°¨à±à°¨à°¿ à°¸à±à°¥à°¾à°ªà°¿à°à°à°¾à°¡à±. లాà°à°¿à°°à± à°¸à±à°ªà°²à±à°²à°¨à±à°à°¾à°¨à°¿ శరà±à°° విధà±à°²à±, à°à°à°¤à± à°ªà±à°¨à°°à±à°¤à±à°ªà°¤à±à°¤à°¿, à°¸à±à°²à±à°¯à±à°²à°¾à°°à± థియరà±, à°à°¾à°®à°¿à°²à±à°²à± à°à±à°²à±à°à°¿, à°¦à±à°¨à°¿ à° à°¨à±à° విà°à°¯à°¾à°²à°²à± à°à±à°²à±à°à°¿ à°à°¾à°à°ªà±à°²à±à°à±à°¸à± à°à°µà°¿à°·à±à°à°°à°£ à°¨à±à°¯à±à°°à±à°¨à± సిదà±à°§à°¾à°à°¤à° à°à°®à±à°¦à°¿à°à°à°¡à°¾à°¨à°¿à°à°¿ దారితà±à°¸à°¿à°à°¦à°¿. à°°à±à°à°¾ à°²à±à°µà°¿-à°®à±à°à°à°²à±à°¸à°¿à°¨à± నాడి à°ªà±à°°à±à°à±à°¦à°² à°à°¾à°°à°à°¾à°¨à±à°¨à°¿ (1986 à°¨à±à°¬à±à°²à± à°ªà±à°°à±à°à± à°à°¨à± à°«à°¿à°à°¿à°¯à°¾à°²à°à± à°²à±à°¦à°¾ à°®à±à°¡à°¿à°¸à°¿à°¨à±) à°à°¨à±à°à±à°¨à±à°¨à°¾à°°à±. à°à±à°®à°¿à°¸à±à°à±à°°à±à°²à± 1957 లౠఠధిఠపాలిమరà±à°² à°®à±à°¦ తన పని à°à±à°¸à° à°à°¿à°¯à±à°²à°¿à°¯à± నాà°à±à°à°¾ à°à±à°®à°¿à°¸à±à°à±à°°à±à°²à± à°¨à±à°¬à±à°²à± బహà±à°®à°¤à°¿à°¨à°¿ à° à°à°¦à±à°à±à°¨à±à°¨à°¾à°°à±. 1947 లౠà°à°¿à°¯à±à°¸à±à°ªà± à°à°à°¿à°²à°¿à°¨à°¿à°¨à°¿ పియానౠలà±à°¦à°¾ à°ªà±-à°®à±à°¸à°¨à± à°à±à°·à°¯à° à°à°¨à±à°à±à°¨à±à°¨à°à°¦à±à°à± à°«à°¿à°à°¿à°à±à°¸à±à°²à± à°µà±à°²à±à°«à± బహà±à°®à°¤à°¿à°¨à°¿ à°ªà±à°à°¦à°¾à°¡à±. 1990 లౠà°à°£à°¿à°¤ శాసà±à°¤à±à°° à°à±à°°à°¹à±à°¤à°²à±à°¨à°¿ à°à°¨à°¿à°¯à±à°¯à± à°¡à°¿ à°à°¿à°¯à±à°°à±à°°à± బహà±à°®à°¤à°¿ à°¤à°à±à°à±à°µ సరà±à°«à±à°¸à±à°² à°à±à°°à°¿à°à°à°¿ à°¬à±à°°à±à°¨à±à°¸à±à°à±à°¯à°¿à°¨à± సమసà±à°¯à°¨à± పరిషà±à°à°°à°¿à°à°à°¿à°à°¦à°¿. 19 à°µ హిలà±à°¬à±à°°à±à°à± సమసà±à°¯ à°à°²à°¿à°ªà±à°à°¿à°à± పాà°à±à°·à°¿à° à° à°µà°à°²à°¨ సమà±à°à°°à°£à°¾à°² పరిషà±à°à°¾à°°à°¾à°²à±.
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à°à°à°²à± à°ªà±à°°à°ªà°à°à°à°²à±à°¨à± à° à°¤à±à°¯à°à°¤ ఠధిà°à°à°à°¾ పరà±à°¯à°¾à°à°à±à°²à± à°¸à°à°¦à°°à±à°¶à°¿à°à°à± à°¦à±à°¶à°¾à°²à°²à± 5 à°µ à°¸à±à°¥à°¾à°¨à°à°²à± à°à°à°¦à°¿. 2015 నాà°à°¿à°à°¿ à°®à±à°¤à±à°¤à° 50.7 మిలియనà±à°² à° à°à°¤à°°à±à°à°¾à°¤à±à°¯ à°¸à°à°¦à°°à±à°¶à°à±à°²à± à°à°à°²à±à°¨à°¿ దరà±à°¶à°¿à°à°à°¾à°¡à±.[157] 2014 లౠ(à°à°¿.à°¡à°¿.పి.లౠ10.1%), 2014 లౠనà±à°°à±à°à°¾ 10,82,000 à°à°¦à±à°¯à±à°à°¾à°²à°¨à± (à°®à±à°¤à±à°¤à° à°à°ªà°¾à°§à°¿à°²à± 4.8%) à°à°¿.à°¡à°¿.పి.లౠ(పరà±à°¯à°¾à°à°, సరఫరా à°à±à°²à±à°¸à±, à°ªà±à°°à±à°°à°¿à°¤ à°à°¦à°¾à°¯ à°ªà±à°°à°à°¾à°µà°¾à°²à±).[158]
à°à°à°²à± తన సాà°à°¸à±à°à±à°¤à°¿à°, పరà±à°¯à°¾à°µà°°à°£ పరà±à°¯à°¾à°à° మారà±à°à°¾à°² à°à±à°¸à° à°ªà±à°°à°¸à°¿à°¦à±à°§à°¿ à°à±à°à°¦à°¿à°à°¦à°¿. 53 à°¯à±à°¨à±à°¸à±à°à± à°ªà±à°°à°ªà°à° వారసతà±à°µ à°ªà±à°°à°¦à±à°¶à°¾à°²à°¨à± à°à°²à°¿à°à°¿ à°à°à°¦à°¿. à°ªà±à°°à°ªà°à°à°à°²à±à°¨à± à°à°¦à°¿ à°à°¾à°²à°¾ ఠధిà°à°.[159] à°à°°à±à°ªà°¾à°²à± మిలనౠ6 à°µ ఠతిపà±à°¦à±à°¦ à°¨à°à°°à°à°à°¾, 14 à°µ à°¸à±à°¥à°¾à°¨à°à°²à± à°à°à°¦à°¿. 2016 లౠ7.65 మిలియనà±à°² à° à°à°¤à°°à±à°à°¾à°¤à±à°¯ పరà±à° à°à°à±à°²à± à°¸à°à°¦à°°à±à°¶à°¿à°à°à°¾à°°à±.à°¸à°à°à±à°¨ à°°à±à°®à± 8 à°µ, 16 à°µ శనివారమà±à°²à°²à± 7.12 మిలియనà±à°² పరà±à°¯à°¾à°à°à±à°²à± à°¸à°à°¦à°°à±à°¶à°¿à°à°à°¾à°°à±.[160] à°µà±à°à°¿à°¤à±à°ªà°¾à°à± à°µà±à°¨à°¿à°¸à±, à°«à±à°²à±à°°à±à°¨à±à°¸à± à°ªà±à°°à°ªà°à°à°à°²à±à°¨à°¿ à°à°¾à°ªà± 100 à°à°®à±à°¯à°¸à±à°¥à°¾à°¨à°¾à°²à°²à± à°à±à°¡à°¾ à°à±à°à±à°à±à°à±à°¨à°¿ à°à°¨à±à°¨à°¾à°¯à°¿.
à°à°à°²à± à° à°¤à±à°¯à°§à°¿à°à°à°à°¾ à°¸à°à°¦à°°à±à°¶à°¿à°à°à± à°¸à±à°¥à°²à°¾à°²à°²à± à°à°¦à°¾. à°à±à°²à±à°¸à°®à±, à°°à±à°®à°¨à± à°«à±à°°à°, పాà°à°ªà±, à°à°«à°¿à°à°¿ à°à±à°¯à°¾à°²à°°à±, à°à°²à±à°²à±à°°à°¿à°¯à°¾ à°¡à±à°²à±'à° à°à°¾à°¡à±à°¡à°¿à°¯à°¾, à°à°¾à°¸à±à°à±à°²à± సానà±à°¤à±à°à±à°à°à±, à°¬à±à°¬à±à°²à± à°à°¾à°°à±à°¡à±à°¨à±, à°µà±à°¨à°°à°¿à°¯à°¾ రియలà±, à°à±à°°à°¿à°¨à± à°à°à°¿à°ªà±à°à°¿à°¯à°¨à± à°®à±à°¯à±à°à°¿à°¯à°, à°¬à±à°°à±à°à±à°¸à± à°à±à°¯à°¾à°²à°°à±, రాయలౠపాలసౠà°à°«à± à°à°¾à°¸à±à°°à±à°à°¾, à°¸à±à°¨à°¾à°à±à°²à± వినà±à°¸à°¿à°¨à±à°¨à± à°®à±à°¯à±à°à°¿à°¯à°, విలà±à°²à°¾ à°¡à°¿ à°¸à±à°à±, పిà°à±à°à± à°¨à±à°¦à°°à±à°¸à± à°¨à±à°·à°¨à°²à± à°à°°à±à°à°¿à°¯à°¾à°²à°à°¿à°à°²à± à°®à±à°¯à±à°à°¿à°¯à°, à°®à±à°¡à°¿à°¸à°¿ à°à°¾à°ªà±à°²à±à°²à±, à°à°¸à±à°à±à°·à°¿à°¯à°¾ యాà°à°à°¿à° à°à°à±à°¸à°µà±à°·à°¨à±à°¸à± à° à°à°¡à± à°®à±à°¯à±à°à°¿à°¯à°, à°¬à±à°²à± à°à±à°°à±à°à±à°à±, à°µà±à°¨à°¿à°¸à± à°¨à±à°·à°¨à°²à± à°à°°à±à°à°¿à°¯à°¾à°²à°à°¿à°à°²à± à°®à±à°¯à±à°à°¿à°¯à°, à°²à±à°à± à°à±à°®à±, పినాà°à±à°à±à°à°¾ à°¡à°¿ à°¬à±à°°à±à°°à°¾ à°ªà±à°°à°¾à°§à°¾à°¨à±à°¯à°¤ వహిసà±à°¤à±à°¨à±à°¨à°¾à°¯à°¿.[161]
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2013 à°à°¿à°µà°°à°¿ నాà°à°¿à°à°¿ à°à°à°²à±à°²à± 6,07,82,668 నివాసà±à°²à± à°à°¨à±à°¨à°¾à°°à±.[162] ఫలితà°à°à°¾ à°à°¨à°¾à°à°¾ సాà°à°¦à±à°°à°¤ à°à°¦à°°à°ªà± à°à°¿à°²à±à°®à±à°à°°à±à°à± 202 à°®à°à°¦à°¿ నివాసితà±à°²à± à°à°¨à±à°¨à°¾à°°à±. à° à°¨à±à° పాశà±à°à°¾à°¤à±à°¯ à°¯à±à°°à±à°ªà°¿à°¯à°¨à± à°¦à±à°¶à°¾à°² à°à°à°à± à°à°¦à°¿ ఠధిà°à°. ఠయితౠà°à°¨à°¾à°à°¾ à°ªà°à°ªà°¿à°£à± ఠసమానà°à°à°¾ à°à°à°¦à°¿. à° à°¤à±à°¯à°à°¤ à°à°¨à°¸à°¾à°à°¦à±à°°à°¤ à°à°²à°¿à°à°¿à°¨ à°ªà±à°°à°¾à°à°¤à°¾à°²à±à°à°¾ పౠలà±à°¯ (à°à°¾à°¤à±à°¯ à°à°¨à°¾à°à°¾à°²à± దాదాపౠసà°à° à°®à°à°¦à°¿ à°à°¨à±à°¨à°¾à°°à±), à°°à±à°®à±, à°¨à±à°ªà±à°²à±à°¸à± à°®à±à°à±à°°à±à°ªà°¾à°²à°¿à°à°¨à± à°ªà±à°°à°¾à°à°¤à°¾à°²à± à°à°¨à±à°¨à°¾à°¯à°¿. à°à°²à±à°ªà±à°¸à±, à° à°ªà±à°¨à±à°¨à±à°¸à± పరà±à°µà°¤ à°ªà±à°°à°¾à°à°¤à°¾à°²à±, బాసిలిà°à°¾à°à°¾ à°ªà±à° à°à±à°®à±à°²à±, సారà±à°¡à°¿à°¨à°¿à°¯à°¾ à°¦à±à°µà±à°ªà° à°à°¾à°²à°¾ à°¤à°à±à°à±à°µà°à°¾ à°à°¨à°¸à°¾à°à°§à±à°°à°¤ à°à°²à°¿à°à°¿ à°à°¨à±à°¨à°¾à°¯à°¿.
20 à°µ శతాబà±à°¦à°à°²à± à°à°à°²à± à°à°¨à°¾à°à°¾ దాదాపౠరà±à°à±à°à°¿à°à°ªà± ఠయిà°à°¦à°¿. 1950-1960 లలౠఠయితౠà°à±à°°à°¾à°®à±à°£ à°¦à°à±à°·à°¿à°£ à°ªà±à°°à°¾à°à°¤à° à°¨à±à°à°¡à°¿ పారిశà±à°°à°¾à°®à°¿à° à°¨à°à°°à°¾à°²à°à± à°ªà±à°¦à±à°¦ à°à°¤à±à°¤à±à°¨ à° à°à°¤à°°à±à°à°¤ వలసల à°à°¾à°°à°£à°à°à°¾ à°à°à°²à± à°à°°à±à°¥à°¿à°à°¾à°à°¿à°µà±à°¦à±à°§à°¿ à° à°¦à±à°à±à°¤à° పరà±à°¯à°µà°¸à°¾à°¨à° à°à°¦à°¿. ఠధిఠసà°à°¤à°¾à°¨à±à°¤à±à°ªà°¤à±à°¤à°¿, à°à°¨à°¨ à°°à±à°à± 1970 à°² వరà°à± à°à±à°¨à°¸à°¾à°à°¿à°à°¦à°¿. తరà±à°µà°¾à°¤ à°à°¨à°¨à°¾à°² à°à±à°·à±à°£à°¤ à°ªà±à°°à°¾à°°à°à°à°®à±à°à°¦à°¿. à°à°¨à°¾à°à°¾ à°µà±à°à°à°à°¾ వయà±à°à°¿à°µà±à°¦à±à°§à°¿ à°à±à°à°¦à°¿à°à°¦à°¿. 2000 à°² à°®à±à°à°¿à°à°ªà±à°²à± (దశాబà±à°¦à°) à°à°¦à± à°à°à°¾à°²à°¿à°¯à°¨à±à°²à°²à± à°à°à°°à± 65 à°à°³à±à°³à°à± à°ªà±à°à°¾ à°à°¨à±à°¨à°¾à°°à±.[163] à°à°¦à±à°®à±à°¨à°ªà±à°ªà°à°¿à°à± à°à°à±à°µà°²à°¿ à°¸à°à°µà°¤à±à°¸à°°à°¾à°²à°²à± à°à°à°²à± à°à°¨à°¨à°¾à°² à°°à±à°à±à°²à± à°à°£à°¨à±à°¯à°®à±à°¨ à°µà±à°¦à±à°§à°¿à°¨à°¿ సాధిà°à°à°¿à°à°¦à°¿.[164] à°®à±à°¤à±à°¤à° à°¸à°à°¤à°¾à°¨à±à°¤à±à°ªà°¤à±à°¤à°¿ à°°à±à°à± 1995 లౠమహిళà°à± 1.18 à°®à°à°¦à°¿ పిలà±à°²à°²à±, 2008 లౠ1.41 à°à± à°à±à°°à±à°à±à°à°¦à°¿.[165] à°à°¿.à°à°«à±.à°à°°à±. 2030 లౠ1.6-1.8 à°à± à°à±à°°à±à°à±à°à°à±à°à°¦à°¿.[166]
19 à°µ శతాబà±à°¦à° à°à°¿à°µà°°à°¿ వరà°à± 1960 à°² à°à°à°²à± మాసౠà°à°®à°¿à°à±à°°à±à°·à°¨à± à°¦à±à°¶à°à°à°¾ మారిà°à°¦à°¿. 1898, 1914 మధà±à°¯à°à°¾à°²à°à°²à± à°à°à°¾à°²à°¿à°¯à°¨à± వలసరాà°à±à°¯à°¾à°² శిà°à°°à°¾à°à±à°°à°à°à°¾ వారà±à°·à°¿à°à°à°à°¾ దాదాపౠ7,50,000 à°à°à°¾à°²à°¿à°¯à°¨à±à°²à± విదà±à°¶à°¾à°²à°à± వలస à°µà±à°³à±à°³à°¾à°°à±.[167] ఠవలసలౠ25 మిలియనà±à°² à°à°à°à± ఠధిà°à°®à±à°¨ à°®à°à°¦à°¿ à°à°à°¾à°²à°¿à°¯à°¨à±à°²à°à± à°¸à°à°¬à°à°§à°¿à°à°à°¿à°¨à°µà°¿. à°à°¦à°¿ సమà°à°¾à°²à±à°¨ à°à°¾à°²à°à°²à± ఠతిపà±à°¦à±à°¦ à°ªà±à°°à°à°¾ వలసà°à°¾ పరిà°à°£à°¿à°à°à°¬à°¡à±à°¤à±à°à°¦à°¿.[168] à°¦à±à°¨à°¿ ఫలితà°à°à°¾ à°ªà±à°°à°¸à±à°¤à±à°¤à° 4.1 మిలియనà±à°² à°®à°à°¦à°¿ à°à°à°¾à°²à°¿à°¯à°¨à± à°ªà±à°°à±à°²à± విదà±à°¶à°¾à°²à±à°²à± నివసిసà±à°¤à±à°¨à±à°¨à°¾à°°à±.[169] à°à°à°²à±à°à°¿ à°µà±à°²à±à°ªà°² à°®à±à°¤à±à°¤à° 60 మిలియనà±à°² à°®à°à°¦à°¿ à°ªà±à°°à±à°¤à°¿ à°²à±à°¦à°¾ పాà°à±à°·à°¿à°à°à°à°¾ à°à°à°¾à°²à°¿à°¯à°¨à± à°ªà±à°°à±à°µà±à°à±à°²à± నివసిసà±à°¤à±à°¨à±à°¨à°¾à°°à±. à°®à±à°à±à°¯à°à°à°¾ à° à°°à±à°à±à°à°à±à°¨à°¾[170] à°¬à±à°°à±à°à°¿à°²à±[171] à°à°°à±à°à±à°µà±,[172] à°µà±à°¨à±à°à±à°²à°¾[173] à°¯à±à°¨à±à°à±à°¡à± à°¸à±à°à±à°à±à°¸à±[174] à°à±à°¨à°¡à°¾[175]à°à°¸à±à°à±à°°à±à°²à°¿à°¯à°¾,[176] à°«à±à°°à°¾à°à°¸à±.[177]
మహానà°à°°à°¾à°²à± , à°ªà±à°¦à±à°¦ à°¨à°à°°à°¾à°²à± మారà±à°à±
Metropolitan cities of Italy | Regions of Italy | Area (km2) | Population1 January 2016 | Functional Urban Areas (FUA) Population (2014) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Metropolitan City of Rome | Lazio | 5,352 | 4,340,474 | 4,370,538 |
Metropolitan City of Milan | Lombardy | 1,575 | 3,208,509 | 4,252,246 |
Metropolitan City of Naples | Campania | 1,171 | 3,113,898 | 3,627,021 |
Metropolitan City of Turin | Piedmont | 6,829 | 2,282,127 | 1,801,729 |
Metropolitan City of Palermo | Sicily | 5,009 | 1,271,406 | 1,006,602 |
Metropolitan City of Bari | Apulia | 3,821 | 1,263,820 | 589,407 |
Metropolitan City of Catania | Sicily | 3,574 | 1,115,535 | 657,293 |
Metropolitan City of Florence | Tuscany | 3,514 | 1,113,348 | 760,325 |
Metropolitan City of Bologna | Emilia-Romagna | 3,702 | 1,005,831 | 770,998 |
Metropolitan City of Genoa | Liguria | 1,839 | 854,099 | 723,959 |
Metropolitan City of Venice | Veneto | 2,462 | 855,696 | 499,966 |
Metropolitan City of Messina | Sicily | 3,266 | 640,675 | 277,584 |
Reggio Calabria | Calabria | 3,183 | 555,836 | 221,789 |
Metropolitan City of Cagliari | Sardinia | 1,248 | 430,413 | 476,974 |
వలసలౠమారà±à°à±
2016 లౠà°à°à°²à±à°²à± à°¸à±à°®à°¾à°°à± 5.05 మిలియనà±à°² à°®à°à°¦à°¿ విదà±à°¶à± నివాసితà±à°²à± à°à°¨à±à°¨à°¾à°°à±.[180] à°®à±à°¤à±à°¤à° à°à°¨à°¾à°à°¾à°²à± 8.3% à°®à°à°¦à°¿ à°à°¨à±à°¨à°¾à°°à±. à°à°à°²à± à°ªà±à°°à°¸à°¤à±à°µà° à°à°à°²à±à°²à± à°à°¨à±à°®à°¿à°à°à°¿ 5 à°²à°à±à°·à°² à°®à°à°¦à°¿à°à°¿ à°ªà±à°à°¾ విదà±à°¶à± à°ªà±à°°à±à°²à°à±-à°°à±à°à°¡à± తరఠవలసదారà±à°² ఠదనà°à°à°¾ à°à°à°²à± à°ªà±à°°à°¸à°¤à±à°µà° à°à±à°°à±à°¤à± à° à°à±à°¯à°°à±à°¥à°¿à°à°à°¿à°¨ విదà±à°¶à±à°¯à±à°²à°à± à°à°µà±à°µà°¬à°¡à±à°¤à±à°à°¦à°¿.[181] 2016 లౠ2,01,000 à°®à°à°¦à°¿ à°ªà±à°°à±à°²à± à°à°à°¾à°²à°¿à°¯à°¨à± à°ªà±à°°à°¸à°¤à±à°µà°¾à°¨à±à°¨à°¿ à°ªà±à°à°¦à°¾à°°à±.[182] à°¸à±à°µà°¾à°§à±à°¨à° à°à±à°¸à±à°à±à°¨à±à°¨à°¾à°°à± (2014 లౠ1,30,000 à°®à°à°¦à°¿ ).[183] ఠధిà°à°¾à°°à°¿à° à°à°£à°¾à°à°à°¾à°²à± à° à°à±à°°à°® వలసదారà±à°²à°¨à± à°à±à°¡à°¾ మినహాయిà°à°à°¾à°¯à°¿. à°µà±à°°à± 2008 లౠà°à°¨à±à°¸à° 6,70,000 à°à°à°à°¾à°°à°¨à°¿ à° à°à°à°¨à°¾ à°µà±à°¯à°¬à°¡à°¿à°à°¦à°¿.[184] 1980 à°² à°à°°à°à°à° à°¨à±à°à°¡à°¿ à°à°¾à°·à°¾à°ªà°°à°à°à°¾, సాà°à°¸à±à°à±à°¤à°¿à°à°à°à°¾ à°à°à± విధమà±à°¨ సమాà°à° à°à°²à°¿à°à°¿à°¨ à°à°à°²à± విదà±à°¶à± వలసదారà±à°²à°¨à± à°à°£à°¨à±à°¯à°à°à°¾ à°à°à°°à±à°·à°¿à°à°à°¡à° à°ªà±à°°à°¾à°°à°à°à°¿à°à°à°¿à°à°¦à°¿.[185] à°¬à±à°°à±à°²à°¿à°¨à± à°à±à°¡ పతనà°, à°à°à±à°µà°²à°¿ à°à°¾à°²à°à°²à± à°¯à±à°°à±à°ªà°¿à°¯à°¨à± à°¯à±à°¨à°¿à°¯à°¨à± 2004, 2007 విసà±à°¤à°°à°£à°²à± à°¤à±à°°à±à°ªà± à°à°°à±à°ªà°¾à°²à±à°¨à°¿ మాà°à± à°¸à±à°·à°²à°¿à°¸à±à°à± à°¦à±à°¶à°¾à°² (à°®à±à°à±à°¯à°à°à°¾ à°°à±à°®à±à°¨à°¿à°¯à°¾, à° à°²à±à°¬à±à°¨à°¿à°¯à°¾, à°à°à±à°°à±à°¯à°¿à°¨à±, à°ªà±à°²à°¾à°à°¡à±) à°¨à±à°à°¡à°¿ వలసల à°ªà±à°¦à±à°¦ తరà°à°à°¾à°²à±à°à°¾ à°à°°à±à°ªà°¡à±à°¡à°¾à°¯à°¿. ఠరబౠతిరà±à°à±à°¬à°¾à°à± పరà±à°¯à°µà°¸à°¾à°¨à°à°à°¾ à°à°¤à±à°¤à°° à°à°«à±à°°à°¿à°à°¾ (à°®à±à°à±à°¯à°à°à°¾ à°®à±à°°à°¾à°à±, à°à°à°¿à°ªà±à°à±, à°à±à°¯à±à°¨à±à°·à°¿à°¯à°¾) à°¨à±à°à°¡à°¿ వలసలౠసà°à°à°µà°¿à°à°à°¾à°¯à°¿. à° à°à°¤à±à°à°¾à°à±à°à°¡à°¾ à°à°à±à°µà°² à°¸à°à°µà°¤à±à°¸à°°à°¾à°²à±à°²à± à°à°¸à°¿à°¯à°¾-పసిఫిà°à± (à°®à±à°à±à°¯à°à°à°¾ à°à±à°¨à°¾ [188], ఫిలిపà±à°ªà±à°¨à±à°¸à±), లాà°à°¿à°¨à± à° à°®à±à°°à°¿à°à°¾à°² à°¨à±à°à°¡à°¿ వలసలౠఠధిà°à°°à°¿à°à°à°¾à°¯à°¿.[186] à°ªà±à°°à°¸à±à°¤à±à°¤à° దాదాపౠà°à° మిలియనౠరà±à°®à±à°¨à°¿à°¯à°¨à± à°ªà±à°°à±à°²à± (à°¸à±à°®à°¾à°°à± 10% à°®à°à°¦à°¿ à°°à±à°®à°¨à±à°² à°à°¾à°¤à°¿ à°à°¾à°¤à°¿ సమà±à°¹à°[187]) ఠధిà°à°¾à°°à°¿à°à°à°à°¾ à°à°à°²à±à°²à± నివసిసà±à°¤à±à°¨à±à°¨à°à±à°²à± నమà±à°¦à± à°à±à°¯à°¬à°¡à±à°¡à°¾à°°à±. à°¦à±à°¨à°¿ తరà±à°µà°¾à°¤ à° à°²à±à°¬à±à°¨à°¿à°¯à°¨à±à°²à±, à°®à±à°°à°¾à°à±à°²à± à°¸à±à°®à°¾à°°à± à°à°à±à°à±à° à°à°¾à°¤à°¿à°à°¿ 500,000 à°®à°à°¦à°¿ à°à°¨à±à°¨à°¾à°°à±. నమà±à°¦à±à°à°¾à°¨à°¿ à°°à±à°®à±à°¨à°¿à°¯à°¨à±à°² à°¸à°à°à±à°¯ à° à°à°à°¨à°¾ à°µà±à°¯à°¡à° à°à°¾à°²à°¾ à°à°·à±à°à°. à°à°¾à°¨à± బాలà±à°à°¨à± à°à°¨à±à°µà±à°¸à±à°à°¿à°à±à°à°¿à°µà± à°°à°¿à°ªà±à°°à±à°à°¿à°à°à± à°¨à±à°à±à°µà°°à±à°à± 2007 లౠసà°à° మిలియనౠలà±à°¦à°¾ à° à°à°¤à°à°à°à± à°à°à±à°à±à°µ à°à°à°¡à°µà°à±à°à± ఠని à°¸à±à°à°¿à°à°à°¿à°à°¦à°¿.[188][note 3] à°®à±à°¤à±à°¤à°à°®à±à°¦ 2000 à°² à°à°¿à°µà°°à°¿à°²à± (దశాబà±à°¦à°) విదà±à°¶à±à°¯à±à°²à°²à± à°¯à±à°°à±à°ªà± (54%), à°à°«à±à°°à°¿à°à°¾ (22%), à°à°¸à°¿à°¯à°¾ (16%), à° à°®à±à°°à°¿à°à°¾à°²à± (8%), à°à°·à°¿à°¯à°¾à°¨à°¿à°¯à°¾ (0.06%) à°à°¨à±à°¨à°¾à°°à±. వలసదారà±à°² à°ªà°à°ªà°¿à°£à± à°à°à±à°à±à°µà°à°¾ à°à°à°²à±à°²à± సమానà°à°à°¾ విసà±à°°à°°à°¿à°à°à°²à±à°¦à±. 87% వలసదారà±à°²à± à°¦à±à°¶à°à°²à±à°¨à°¿ à°à°¤à±à°¤à°°, మధà±à°¯ à°ªà±à°°à°¾à°à°¤à°¾à°²à±à°²à± నివసిసà±à°¤à±à°¨à±à°¨à°¾à°°à± (à° à°¤à±à°¯à°à°¤ à°à°°à±à°¥à°¿à°à°à°à°¾ à° à°à°¿à°µà±à°¦à±à°§à°¿ à°à±à°à°¦à°¿à°¨ à°ªà±à°°à°¾à°à°¤à°¾à°²à±). ఠయితౠ13% à°¦à±à°µà±à°ªà°à°²à±à°ªà°à°²à±à°¨à°¿ à°¦à°à±à°·à°¿à°£ à°à°¾à°à°à°²à± నివసిసà±à°¤à±à°¨à±à°¨à°¾à°°à±.
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" à°«à±à°°à±à°à°µà°°à±à°à± à°à°«à± లా " 482/99 à°à°à±à°à° à°®à±à°¦à°à°¿ à°µà±à°¯à°¾à°¸à° à°ªà±à°°à°à°¾à°°à°. à°à°à°²à± ఠధిà°à°¾à°°à°¿à° à°à°¾à°·à°à°¾ à°à°à°¾à°²à°¿à°¯à°¨à± à°à°¾à°·à°à± ఠధిà°à°¾à°° à°¹à±à°¦à°¾ à°à°µà±à°µà°¬à°¡à°¿à°à°¦à°¿.[190] 64 మిలియనà±à°² à°®à°à°¦à°¿ à°¸à±à°¥à°¾à°¨à°¿à°à±à°²à± à°à°à°¾à°²à°¿à°¯à°¨à± మాà°à±à°²à°¾à°¡à±à°µà°¾à°°à± à°à°¨à±à°¨à°¾à°°à±.[191][192][193] à°°à±à°à°¡à°µ à°à°¾à°·à°à°¾ వాడà±à°¤à±à°¨à±à°¨à°µà°¾à°°à°¿à°¤à± సహా à°à°à°¾à°²à°¿à°¯à°¨à± మాà°à±à°²à°¾à°¡à±à°µà°¾à°°à°¿ à°®à±à°¤à±à°¤à° 85 మిలియనà±à°²à±.[194]
à°à°à°²à± à°¸à±à°¥à°¾à°¨à°¿à°à°à°à°¾ à°ªà±à°°à°¾à°à°¤à±à°¯ à°à°¾à°·à°²à± మాà°à±à°²à°¾à°¡à°¤à°¾à°°à±, à°à°à°²à± à°ªà±à°°à°¾à°à°¤à±à°¯, à°®à±à°¨à°¾à°°à°¿à°à± à°à°¾à°·à°²à°¤à± à° à°¯à±à°®à°¯à° à°à±à°à°¦à°à±à°¡à°¦à±;[195][196] à°à°¦à±à°®à±à°¨à°ªà±à°ªà°à°¿à°à± 20 à°µ శతాబà±à°¦à°à°²à± à°à°¾à°¤à±à°¯ విదà±à°¯à°¾ à°µà±à°¯à°µà°¸à±à°¥ à°¸à±à°¥à°¾à°ªà°¨à°¤à± à°¦à±à°¶à° à° à°à°¤à°à°¾ మాà°à±à°²à°¾à°¡à± à°à°¾à°·à°²à±à°²à± à°µà±à°µà°¿à°§à±à°¯à° à°¤à°à±à°à±à°¤à±à°à°¦à°¿. 1950 à°²à±, 1960 లలౠà°à°°à±à°¥à°¿à° à°ªà±à°°à±à°à±à°¦à°², మాసౠమà±à°¡à°¿à°¯à°¾, à°à±à°²à°¿à°µà°¿à°à°¨à±à°² à°ªà±à°°à±à°à±à°¦à°² (à°ªà±à°°à°¾à°®à°¾à°£à°¿à° à°¬à±à°°à°¾à°¡à±à°à°¾à°¸à±à°à°°à± ఠయిన RAI à°ªà±à°°à°¾à°®à°¾à°£à°¿à° à°à°à°¾à°²à°¿à°¯à°¨à±à°¨à± à°à°°à±à°ªà°¾à°à± à°à±à°¸à±à°à°¦à±à°à±) à°ªà±à°°à°¾à°®à°¾à°£à±à°à°°à°£ మరిà°à°¤ విసà±à°¤à°°à°¿à°à°à°¿à°à°¦à°¿.
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à°à°à°²à±à°²à± à°¸à±à°¥à°¾à°ªà°¿à°à°à°¬à°¡à°¿à°¨ à°®à±à°¨à°¾à°°à°¿à°à± మత విశà±à°µà°¾à°¸à°¾à°²à°²à± à°à±à°¡à°¾à°¯à°¿à°à° à°¸à±à°¦à±à°°à±à°à°à°¾à°²à° à°¨à±à°à°¡à°¿ à°à°¨à°¿à°à°¿à°²à± à°à°à°¦à°¿. à°à±à°°à±à°¸à±à°¤à± à°ªà±à°à±à°à±à° à°®à±à°à°¦à± à°¯à±à°¦à±à°²à± à°ªà±à°°à°¾à°¤à°¨ à°°à±à°à°²à± à°à°¨à±à°¨à°¾à°°à±. శతాబà±à°¦à°¾à°²à±à°à°¾ à°à°à°²à± à°¸à±à°ªà±à°¯à°¿à°¨à±, à°à°¤à°° à°¦à±à°¶à°¾à°² à°¨à±à°à°¡à°¿ బహిషà±à°à°°à°¿à°à°à°¬à°¡à°¿à°¨ à°¯à±à°¦à±à°²à°¨à± à°à°¹à±à°µà°¾à°¨à°¿à°à°à°¿à°à°¦à°¿. ఠయితౠహà±à°²à±à°à°¾à°¸à±à°à± ఫలితà°à°à°¾ 20% à°®à°à°¦à°¿ à°à°à°¾à°²à°¿à°¯à°¨à± à°¯à±à°¦à±à°²à± తమ à°ªà±à°°à°¾à°£à°¾à°²à°¨à± à°à±à°²à±à°ªà±à°¯à°¾à°°à±.[214] à°°à±à°à°¡à°µ à°ªà±à°°à°ªà°à° à°¯à±à°¦à±à°§à°¾à°¨à°¿à°à°¿ à°®à±à°à°¦à± à°¸à°à°à°µà°¿à°à°à°¿à°¨ వలసలతౠà°à°²à°¿à°¸à°¿ à°à°à°²à±à°²à± 28,400 à°®à°à°¦à°¿ à°¯à±à°¦à±à°² à°à°¿à°¨à±à°¨ à°à°®à±à°¯à±à°¨à°¿à°à± మాతà±à°°à°®à± మిà°à°¿à°²à°¿à°ªà±à°¯à°¿à°à°¦à°¿.[215]
à°à°¤ à°°à±à°à°¡à± దశాబà±à°¦à°¾à°²à±à°²à± à°à°®à±à°®à°¿à°à±à°°à±à°·à°¨à±à°¨à± à°ªà±à°à°à±à°à±à°µà°¡à°à°¤à± పాà°à± à°à±à°°à±à°¸à±à°¤à°µà±à°¤à°° మత విశà±à°µà°¾à°¸à°¾à°² à°ªà±à°°à±à°à±à°¦à°² ఠధిà°à°°à°¿à°à°à°¿à°à°¦à°¿. à°à°¾à°°à°¤ à°à°ªà°à°à°¡à°¾à°¨à°¿à°à°¿ à°à±à°à°¦à°¿à°¨ 8,00,000 à°à°à°à± à°à°à±à°à±à°µ విశà±à°µà°¾à°¸à°à±à°²à± à°à°à°à±à°¨à±à°¨à°¾à°°à±. à°µà±à°°à°¿à°²à± 70,000 à°®à°à°¦à°¿ సిà°à±à°à±à°²à± à°¦à±à°¶à°µà±à°¯à°¾à°ªà±à°¤à°à°à°¾ 22 à°à±à°°à±à°¦à±à°µà°¾à°°à°¾à°²à°¤à± à°à°¨à±à°¨à°¾à°°à±. [216]
à°à°à°¾à°²à°¿à°¯à°¨à± à°¸à±à°µà±à°à±à°à°¨à± మత à°¸à±à°µà±à°à±à°à°¨à± à°à°¾à°ªà°¾à°¡à°à°¾à°¨à°¿à°à°¿ à°à°¦à°¾à°¯à°ªà± పనà±à°¨à± à°·à±à°°à±à°²à°¨à± à°à±à°°à±à°¤à°¿à°à°ªà± à°ªà±à°à°¦à°¿à°¨ మత వరà±à°à°¾à°²à°à± à°µà±à°¯à±à°¯à°¿à°à°¿ à°à°¨à°¿à°®à°¿à°¦à°¿ (à°à°à±à°à± పరౠమిలియనà±) నిషà±à°ªà°¤à±à°¤à°¿à°²à± విà°à±à°°à°¯à°¿à°¸à±à°¤à±à°à°¦à°¿. విరాళాలౠà°à±à°°à°¿à°¸à±à°à°¿à°¯à°¨à±, à°¯à±à°¦à±, à°¬à±à°¦à±à°§, హిà°à°¦à± సమాà°à°¾à°²à°à± à° à°¨à±à°®à°¤à°¿à°à°à°¬à°¡à°¤à°¾à°¯à°¿; à°à°¦à±à°®à±à°¨à°¾, à°à°¸à±à°²à°¾à° మతఠమినహాయిà°à°à°¬à°¡à±à°¤à±à°à°¦à°¿. à°à°à±à°µà°à°à°¿ à°®à±à°¸à±à°²à°¿à° à°à°®à±à°¯à±à°¨à°¿à°à±à°²à± à°à°à°à°¾ à°à°à°¾à°²à°¿à°¯à°¨à± à°ªà±à°°à°à±à°¤à±à°µà°¾à°¨à°¿à°à°¿ మదà±à°¯ à°¸à°à°¤à°à°¾à°²à± à°à°°à°à°²à±à°¦à±. [217] మతానిà°à°¿ నిధà±à°²à± à°à°µà±à°µà°¾à°²à°¨à±à°à±à°¨à± వారౠపనà±à°¨à± à°à±à°²à±à°²à°¿à°à°ªà±à°¦à°¾à°°à±à°²à± తమ వాà°à°¾à°¨à± à°ªà±à°°à°à±à°¤à±à°µ à°¸à°à°à±à°·à±à°® à°µà±à°¯à°µà°¸à±à°¥à°à± à°à°¸à±à°¤à°¾à°°à±.[218]
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à°¹à°à°à±à°°à°¿à°¯à°¨à± à°¹à±à°²à±à°¤à± à°à±à°°à± సిసà±à°à°®à± à° à°¨à±à°¦à°¿ à°ªà±à°°à°à±à°¤à±à°µ à°à°¾à°¤à±à°¯ à°à°°à±à°à±à°¯ à°¬à±à°®à°¾ à°à°à±à°à±à°µà°à°¾ నిధà±à°²à± సమà°à±à°°à±à°¸à±à°¤à±à°à°¦à°¿. à°.à°.సి.à°¡à°¿. à°ªà±à°°à°à°¾à°°à° à°®à±à°¤à±à°¤à° à°à°¨à°¾à°à°¾à°²à± 100% సారà±à°µà°¤à±à°°à°¿à° à°à°°à±à°à±à°¯ à°¬à±à°®à°¾ à° à°à°¦à°¿à°¸à±à°¤à±à°à°¦à°¿.[233] à°à°¦à°¿ పిలà±à°²à°²à±, విదà±à°¯à°¾à°°à±à°¥à±à°²à±, à°ªà±à°¨à±à°·à°¨à°°à±à°²à±, à°¤à°à±à°à±à°µ à°à°¦à°¾à°¯à° à°à°¨à±à°¨à°µà°¾à°°à°¿à°à°¿, విà°à°²à°¾à°à°à±à°²à±à°¨ à°µà±à°¯à°à±à°¤à±à°²à±, à°ªà±à°à°¾à°°à±à°²à±, à°à°¤à°° à°à°°à±à°à°¿ à°à°¦à±à°¯à±à°à±à°²à°à± à°ªà±à°°à±à°¤à°¿à°à°¾ à°à°à°¿à°¤à°.[234][235] à°.à°.సి.à°¡à°¿. à°ªà±à°°à°à°¾à°°à° à°¹à°à°à±à°°à± 2012 లౠà°à°°à±à°à±à°¯ à°¸à°à°°à°à±à°·à°£ à°à±à°°à°à± à°à°¿.à°¡à°¿.పి.లౠ7.8% à°à°°à±à°à± à°à±à°¸à°¿à°à°¦à°¿. 2011 లౠమà±à°¤à±à°¤à° à°à°°à±à°à±à°¯ à°µà±à°¯à°¯à° 1,688.7 à°¯à±.à°à°¸à±.డాలరà±à°²à±, 1,098.3 à°¯à±.à°à°¸à±. డాలరà±à°²à± à°ªà±à°°à°à±à°¤à±à°µ à°«à°à°¡à± (65%), 590.4 à°¯à±.à°à°¸à±.డాలరà±à°²à± à°ªà±à°°à±à°µà±à°à± à°«à°à°¡à± (35%)[236]
à°¹à°à°à°°à± à°¯à±à°°à±à°ªà±à°²à± à°µà±à°¦à±à°¯ పరà±à°¯à°¾à°à° à°ªà±à°°à°§à°¾à°¨ à°à°®à±à°¯à°¸à±à°¥à°¾à°¨à°¾à°²à°²à± à°à°à°à°¿. à°¦à±à°¶à°à°²à± à°¦à°à°¤ పరà±à°¯à°¾à°à° à°°à°à°à° [237][238] à°¦à±à°¨à°¿ వాà°à°¾ à°à°°à±à°ªà°¾à°²à± 42%, à°ªà±à°°à°ªà°à°à°µà±à°¯à°¾à°ªà±à°¤à°à°à°¾ 21% à°à°à°¦à°¿.[238][239] à°ªà±à°²à°¾à°¸à±à°à°¿à°à± సరà±à°à°°à± à°à±à°¡à°¾ à°à° à°à±à°²à° à°°à°à°à°, à°à°¾à°¤à°¾à°¦à°¾à°°à±à°²à°²à± 30% విదà±à°¶à°¾à°² à°¨à±à°à°à°¿ వసà±à°¤à°¾à°°à±. à°¹à°à°à°°à± à° à°¨à±à° à°µà±à°¦à±à°¯ à°à°·à°§à°¾à°²à°à± నిలయà°à°à°¾ à°à°à°¦à°¿.[240] à°¸à±à°ªà°¾ పరà±à°¯à°¾à°à°à° à°à±à°¨à±à°¨à°¿à°¸à°¾à°°à±à°²à± à°à°¤à°° à°à°¿à°à°¿à°¤à±à°¸à°²à°¤à± à°à°²à°¿à°ªà°¿ à°à°à°à±à°à°¦à°¿.[241]
à°¹à±à°¦à°¯à°¨à°¾à°³ à°µà±à°¯à°¾à°§à°¿à°¤à± 2013 లౠహà°à°à°°à±à°²à± 62,979 à°®à°à°¦à°¿ మరణాలౠ(à°®à±à°¤à±à°¤à° 49.4%) à°¸à°à°à°µà°¿à°à°à°¾à°¯à°¿.[242] à°à°¾à°°à±à°¡à°¿à°¯à±à°µà°¾à°¸à±à°à±à°²à°°à± à°µà±à°¯à°¾à°§à°¿ మరణాల à°¸à°à°à±à°¯ 1985 లౠ79,355 à°à± à°à±à°°à°¿à°à°¦à°¿. à°à°¦à°¿ à°à°®à±à°¯à±à°¨à°¿à°à° పతనఠనà±à°à°¡à°¿ నిరà°à°¤à°°à°à°à°¾ à°¤à°à±à°à°¿à°ªà±à°¯à°¿à°à°¦à°¿.[242] మణాలà°à± à°°à±à°à°¡à°µ ఠతి à°®à±à°à±à°¯à°®à±à°¨ à°à°¾à°°à°£à°à°à°¾ 1990 à°² à°¨à±à°à°¡à°¿ 33,274 (à°®à±à°¤à±à°¤à° 26.2%) తౠà°à±à°¯à°¾à°¨à±à°¸à°°à± à°à°à°¦à°¿.[242] 1990 లౠ8,760 à°®à°à°¦à°¿ మరణిà°à°à°¾à°°à±. 2013 లౠ3,654 à°®à°à°¦à°¿ మరణిà°à°à°¾à°°à±. 1983 లౠ4,911 à°¨à±à°à°¡à°¿ 2013 లౠ2,093 à°®à°à°¦à°¿ à°à°¤à±à°®à°¹à°¤à±à°¯à°²à± (100,000 à°®à°à°¦à°¿à°à°¿ 21.1 à°®à°à°¦à°¿ à°à°¤à±à°®à°¹à°¤à±à°¯à°²à±)నమà±à°¦à±à°à°¾à°à°¾ 1956 à°¨à±à°à°¡à°¿ నమà±à°¦à± ఠయిన ఠతి à°¤à°à±à°à±à°µ నమà±à°¦à±à°à°¦à°¿. [242] à°¹à°à°à°°à±, హారà±à°à± à°¡à°¿à°¸à±à°à±, à°¹à±à°ªà°°à± à°à±à°¨à±à°·à°¨à±, à°¸à±à°à±à°°à±à°à±, à°à°¤à±à°®à°¹à°¤à±à°¯à°² మధà±à°¯ à°à°¾à°°à± à°µà±à°¯à°¤à±à°¯à°¾à°¸à°¾à°²à± à°à°à±à°à±à°µà°à°¾ à°µà±à°¯à°µà°¸à°¾à°¯, à°¤à°à±à°à±à°µ à°à°¦à°¾à°¯à° à°à°¨à±à°¨ à°à±à°°à±à°à± à°ªà±à°²à±à°¯à°¿à°¨à±à°²à± à°à°¨à±à°¨à°¾à°¯à°¿. à°à°¾à°¨à± ఠధిà°-à°à°¦à°¾à°¯à°, మధà±à°¯à°¤à°°à°à°¤à°¿ పాశà±à°à°¾à°¤à±à°¯à°¨à°¾à°à°°à°¿à°à°¤à°à± మారà±à°¤à±à°¨à±à°¨ à°¸à±à°à°à±à°°à°²à± à°¹à°à°à±à°°à±à°²à± à°¤à°à±à°à±à°µà°à°¾ à°à°¨à±à°¨à°¾à°¯à°¿.[243] à°¸à±à°®à±à°à°¿à°à°à± à°à±à°¡à°¾ à°¹à°à°à±à°°à°¿à°¯à°¨à± సమాà°à°à°²à± à°à°£à°¨à±à°¯à°®à±à°¨ నషà±à°à°¾à°²à°¨à± à°à°²à°¿à°à°¿à°¸à±à°¤à±à°à°¦à°¿. 2012 లౠపà±à°¦à±à°¦à°µà°¾à°°à°¿à°²à± 28% à°®à°à°¦à°¿ à°¸à±à°®à±à°à±à°¡à±, à°à° ినమà±à°¨ నియà°à°¤à±à°°à°£ à°à°¾à°°à°£à°à°à°¾ 2013 లౠ19%à°à± పడిపà±à°¯à°¿à°à°¦à°¿.[244] à°¦à±à°¶à°µà±à°¯à°¾à°ªà±à°¤à°à°à°¾ à°§à±à°®à°ªà°¾à°¨à° à°à°à°¡à±à°°à± బహిరà°à° à°ªà±à°°à°¦à±à°¶à°¾à°¨à°¿à°à°¿ విసà±à°¤à°°à°¿à°à°à°¿à°à°¦à°¿. à°ªà±à°à°¾à°à± à° à°®à±à°®à°à° à°à°¾à°¤à±à°¯ నియà°à°¤à±à°°à°¿à°¤ à°ªà±à°à°¾à°à± à°¦à±à°à°¾à°£à°¾à°²à°à± à°¨à±à°·à°¨à°²à± à°à±à°¬à°¾à°à± షాపౠఠని పిలà±à°¸à±à°¤à°¾à°°à±.[245] ఠహతà±à°¯à°² శాతఠ1,00,000 à°®à°à°¦à°¿à°à°¿ 1.3 à°à°¾ à°à°à°¦à°¿. à°à°¦à°¿ à°ªà±à°°à°ªà°à°à°à°²à±à°¨à± ఠతి à°¤à°à±à°à±à°µà°à°¾ à°à°à°¦à°¿.
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1861 à°à°¿à°µà°°à°¿à°²à± à°¸à°à°à°à°¿à°¤à° à° à°¯à±à°¯à±à°µà°°à°à± à°à°à°²à± à°°à°¾à°à°à±à°¯à°¾à°²à°¤à±à°¨à± à°à±à°à±à°³à°¿à°à°à°à°¾à°¨à± శతాబà±à°§à°¾à°² à°à°¾à°²à° విà°à°à°¿à°à°à°¬à°¡à°¿à°à°¦à°¿. à°à°à°²à± à°¸à°à°¸à±à°à±à°¤à°¿ à° à°¨à±à° à°ªà±à°°à°¾à°à°¤à±à°¯ à°à°à°¾à°°à°¾à°²à±, à°¸à±à°¥à°¾à°¨à°¿à°à°à°à°¾ à°à±à°à°¦à±à°°à±à°à±à°¤à°®à±à°¨ ఠధిà°à°¾à°°à°, నాయà°à°¤à±à°µà° à°à°à±à°¤à°¿ à°à±à°¸à°¾à°¯à°¿.[246] శతాబà±à°¦à°¾à°²à±à°à°¾ పాశà±à°à°¾à°¤à±à°¯ à°¸à°à°¸à±à°à±à°¤à°¿à°²à± à°à°à°²à± à°à±à°²à° పాతà±à°° à°ªà±à°·à°¿à°à°à°¿à°à°¦à°¿. à°à°ªà±à°ªà°à°¿à°à± దాని సాà°à°¸à±à°à±à°¤à°¿à° à°¸à°à°ªà±à°°à°¦à°¾à°¯à°¾à°²à°à±, à°à°³à°¾à°à°¾à°°à±à°²à°à± à°à±à°°à±à°¤à°¿à°à°ªà± à°ªà±à°à°¦à°¿à°à°¦à°¿. మధà±à°¯ à°¯à±à°à°¾à°²à°²à±, à°ªà±à°¨à°°à±à°à±à°à±à°µà°¨à±à°¦à±à°¯à°®à°à°²à±, à° à°¦à±à°à±à°¤à°®à±à°¨ వాసà±à°¤à±à°¶à°¿à°²à±à°ªà±à°²à±, à°à°³à°¾à°à°¾à°°à±à°²à±, à°ªà°à°¡à°¿à°¤à±à°²à°¨à± à°à°à°°à±à°·à°¿à°à°à°¡à°¾à°¨à°¿à°à°¿ à° à°¨à±à° à° à°¦à±à°à±à°¤à°®à±à°¨ à°°à°¾à°à°¾à°¸à±à°¥à°¾à°¨à°¾à°²à± à°ªà±à°à± పడà±à°¡à°¾à°¯à°¿. తదà±à°µà°¾à°°à°¾ à°¸à±à°®à°¾à°°à° à°à°¿à°¹à±à°¨à°¾à°²à±, à°à°¿à°¤à±à°°à°¾à°²à±, à°¸à°à°à±à°¤à°, సాహితà±à°¯à°¾à°² à°à±à°ªà±à°ª వారసతà±à°µà°¾à°¨à±à°¨à°¿ à°¸à±à°·à±à°à°¿à°à°à°¾à°¯à°¿. à° à°°à°¾à°à°¾à°¸à±à°¥à°¾à°¨à°¾à°² à°°à°¾à°à°à±à°¯à°à°à°¾, సామాà°à°¿à°à°à°à°¾ à°à°à°à°°à°¿à°à°¾ à°à°¨à±à°¨à°ªà±à°ªà°à°¿à°à± à°à°°à±à°ªà°¾ సాà°à°¸à±à°à±à°¤à°¿à°, à°à°¾à°°à°¿à°¤à±à°°à° వారసతà±à°µà°à°²à± à°à°à°²à± సహà°à°¾à°°à° ఠపారమà±à°¨à°¦à°¿.[247]
à°à°à°²à± à°ªà±à°°à°ªà°à°à°à°²à±à°¨à± à°à°¤à°° à°¦à±à°¶à°¾à°² à°à°à°à± ఠధిà°à°à°à°¾ 54 à°ªà±à°°à°ªà°à° వారసతà±à°µ à°¸à°à°ªà°¦à°²à± నమà±à°¦à±à°¨ (à°¯à±à°¨à±à°¸à±à°à± వరలà±à°¡à± à°¹à±à°°à°¿à°à±à°à± à°¸à±à°à±à°¸à±)నౠà°à°²à°¿à°à°¿ à°à°à°¦à°¿. à° à°¨à±à° à°à°¾à°²à°¾à°² à°¨à±à°à°¡à°¿ à°à°³, à°¸à°à°¸à±à°à±à°¤à°¿, సాహితà±à°¯à°¾à°² à° à°¸à°à°à±à°¯à°¾à° à°¸à±à°à°°à°£à°²à°¨à± à°à°²à°¿à°à°¿ à°à°à°¦à°¿. à°¦à±à°¶à° à°ªà±à°°à°ªà°à°à°µà±à°¯à°¾à°ªà±à°¤à°à°à°¾ విసà±à°¤à°¾à°°à°®à±à°¨ సాà°à°¸à±à°à±à°¤à°¿à° à°ªà±à°°à°à°¾à°µà°¾à°¨à±à°¨à°¿ à°à°²à°¿à°à°¿ à°à°à°¦à°¿. à°à°à°¦à°±à± à°à°à°¾à°²à°¿à°¯à°¨à±à°²à± à°à°à°¾à°²à°¿à°¯à°¨à± à°à°¤à°° à°ªà±à°°à°¾à°à°¤à°¾à°²à°à± వలస à°µà±à°³à±à°³à°¾à°°à±. à° à°à°¤à±à°à°¾à°à±à°à°¡à°¾ à°à°à°²à± à°®à±à°¤à±à°¤à° 1,00,000 à°¸à±à°®à°¾à°°à° à°à°¿à°¹à±à°¨à°¾à°²à± (à°¸à°à°à±à°°à°¹à°¾à°²à°¯à°¾à°²à±, à°°à°¾à°à°à°µà°¨à°¾à°²à±, à°à°µà°¨à°¾à°²à±, విà°à±à°°à°¹à°¾à°²à±, à°à°°à±à°à°¿à°²à±, à°à°³à°¾ à°ªà±à°°à°¦à°°à±à°¶à°¨à°¶à°¾à°²à°²à±, విలà±à°²à°¾à°²à±, à°«à±à°à°à±à°¨à±à°²à±, à°à°¾à°°à°¿à°¤à±à°°à°¾à°¤à±à°®à° నివాసాలà±, à°ªà±à°°à°¾à°µà°¸à±à°¤à± ఠవశà±à°·à°¾à°²à±),[248] à°à°¨à±à°¨à°¾à°¯à°¿. à°à±à°¨à±à°¨à°¿ à° à°à°à°¨à°¾à°² à°ªà±à°°à°à°¾à°°à° à°¦à±à°¶à° à°ªà±à°°à°ªà°à°à° à°à±à°ªà±à°ª à°à°³à°¾ à°¸à°à°ªà°¦à°²à± సఠà°à°¾à°à°¾à°¨à±à°¨à°¿ à°à°²à°¿à°à°¿ à°à°à°¦à°¿.[249]
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1861 వరà°à± à°à°à°²à± పలౠరాà°à±à°¯à°¾à°²à°²à± à°à°¾à°à°à°à°¾ విà°à°à°¿à°à°à°¬à°¡à°¿à°¨ à°à°¾à°°à°£à°à°à°¾ à°à°¦à°¿ à°ªà±à°°à°¾à°à°¤à±à°¯à°à°à°¾, à°à°¾à°²à°¾à°¨à±à°à±à°£à°à°à°¾ వరà±à°à±à°à°°à°¿à°à°ªà°¬à°¡à° à°à°¾à°²à°¾ విసà±à°¤à°¾à°°à°®à±à°¨, à°µà±à°µà°¿à°§à±à°¯à°®à±à°¨ నిరà±à°®à°¾à°£ à°¶à±à°²à°¿à°¨à°¿ à°à°²à°¿à°à°¿ à°à°à°¦à°¿. à°à°¦à°¿ నిరà±à°®à°¾à°£ à°°à±à°ªà°à°²à±à°ªà°¨à°²à°²à± à° à°¤à±à°¯à°à°¤ విà°à°¿à°¨à±à°¨à°®à±à°¨ పరిశà±à°²à°¨à°¾à°¤à±à°®à° à°¶à±à°°à±à°£à°¿à°¨à°¿ à°¸à±à°·à±à°à°¿à°à°à°¿à°à°¦à°¿.
Italy is known for its considerable architectural achievements,[250] à°ªà±à°°à°¾à°à±à°¨ à°°à±à°®à±à°²à± 14 à°µ శతాబà±à°¦à° à°à°¿à°µà°°à°¿ à°¨à±à°à°¡à°¿ 16 à°µ శతాబà±à°¦à° వరà°à± à°ªà±à°¨à°°à±à°à±à°à±à°µà°¨ శిలà±à°ªà°à°³à°¾ à°à°¦à±à°¯à°®à° à°¸à±à°¥à°¾à°ªà°¨ సమయà°à°²à± పలà±à°²à°¾à°¡à°¿à°¯à°¾à°¨à°¿à°à° à°¸à±à°µà°¸à±à°¥à°²à° ఠయిన à°à°¨à±à°¨ à°à°à°²à±à°²à± à°µà°à°ªà±à°²à±, à°à±à°ªà±à°°à°¾à°²à±, à°ªà±à°°à°¾à°¤à°¨ à°°à±à°à°à± సారà±à°ªà±à°¯ నిరà±à°®à°¾à°£à°¾à°² à°µà°à°à°¿ à°à°£à°¨à±à°¯à°®à±à°¨ నిరà±à°®à°¾à°£ సాధనాలౠనియà±à°à±à°²à°¾à°¸à°¿à°à°²à± వాసà±à°¤à±à°à°³à°à± à°ªà±à°°à±à°°à±à°°à°£ à°à°²à°¿à°à°¿à°à°à°¾à°¯à°¿. ఠనిరà±à°®à°¾à°£ à°¶à±à°²à°¿ à°à°²à°¿à°à°¿à°à°à°¿à°¨ à°ªà±à°°à±à°°à°£à°¤à± à°à°à°²à±à°à°¿ à°à±à°à°¦à°¿à°¨ à°ªà±à°°à°®à±à°à±à°²à± à°ªà±à°°à°ªà°à°à°µà±à°¯à°¾à°ªà±à°¤à°à°à°¾ వారి à°à°µà°¨à°¨à°¿à°°à±à°®à°¾à°£à°¾à°²à°¨à± à°°à±à°ªà±à°à°¦à°¿à°à°à°¾à°°à±. 17 à°µ శతాబà±à°¦à° à°à°¿à°µà°°à°¿ à°¨à±à°à°¡à°¿ 20 à°µ శతాబà±à°¦à°®à± వరà°à± à°®à±à°à±à°¯à°à°à°¾ à°¯à±.à°à±, à°à°¸à±à°à±à°°à±à°²à°¿à°¯à°¾, à°¯à±.à°à°¸à±.లౠà°à±à°²à±à°¸à°¿à°¯à°, మిలనౠà°à±à°¥à°¡à±à°°à°²à±, à°«à±à°²à±à°°à±à°¨à±à°¸à± à°à±à°¥à°¡à±à°°à°¾à°²à±, à°ªà±à°¸à°¾ à°²à±à°¨à°¿à°à°à± à°à°µà°°à±, à°µà±à°¨à°¿à°¸à± నిరà±à°®à°¾à°£ à°à°µà°¨à°¾à°²à± à°µà°à°à°¿ పాశà±à°à°¾à°¤à±à°¯ వాసà±à°¤à±à°à°³à°¾à°²à°²à± à°à°¾à°²à°¾ à° à°¤à±à°¯à±à°¤à±à°¤à°®à°®à±à°¨à°µà°¿à°à°¾ à°à±à°°à±à°¤à°¿à°à°à°¬à°¡à±à°¤à±à°¨à±à°¨ à°à°à°¾à°²à°¿à°¯à°¨à± తరహా à°à°µà°¨à°¾à°²à± నిరà±à°®à°¿à°à°à°¬à°¡à±à°¡à°¾à°¯à°¿.
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The city of Venice, built on 117 islands
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The Leaning Tower of Pisa and the Duomo di Pisa of Pisa
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The Royal Palace of Caserta
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à°°à±à°®à°¾à°à°à°¿à°¸à°¿à°à° రిసారà±à°à°¿à°®à±à°à°à± à°à°¾à°°à°£à°à°à°¾ à°à°°à°à°à°¿à°à°à°¿à°¨ à°¦à±à°¶à°à°à±à°¤à°¿ à°à°¦à±à°¯à°®à° à°à°à°²à±à°²à± à°°à°¾à°à°à±à°¯ à°à°à±à°¯à°¤, విదà±à°¶à± à°à°§à°¿à°ªà°¤à±à°¯ à°¤à±à°¸à±à°à±à°¨à°¿ à°µà°à±à°à°¿à°à°¦à°¿. 19 à°µ శతాబà±à°¦à° à°ªà±à°°à°¾à°°à°à°à°à°²à± à°à°à°¾à°²à°¿à°¯à°¨à± à°°à°à°¯à°¿à°¤à°²à± à°°à±à°®à°¾à°à°à°¿à°¸à°¿à°à°¾à°¨à±à°¨à°¿ à°¸à±à°µà±à°à°°à°¿à°à°à°¾à°°à±. à°à°à°²à± à°ªà±à°¨à°°à±à°¦à±à°§à°°à°£à°¨à± à°à°µà±à°²à± విà°à±à°à±à°°à°¿à°¯à± à° à°²à±à°«à±à°°à°¿, à°à°à± ఫాసà±à°à±à°²à±, à°à°¿à°¯à°¾à°à±à°®à± లియà±à°ªà°¾à°°à±à°¡à±à°²à± à°à°¦à°°à°¿à°à°à°¾à°°à±. à°ªà±à°°à°®à±à° à°à°à°¾à°²à°¿à°¯à°¨à± à°°à±à°®à°¾à°à°à°¿à°à± à°°à°à°¯à°¿à°¤ à° à°²à±à°¶à°¾à°à°¡à±à°°à± à°®à°à°à±à°¨à°¿ à°°à°à°¨à°²à±, వారి à°¦à±à°¶à°à°à±à°¤à°¿ à°¸à°à°¦à±à°¶à°¾à°¨à°¿à°à°¿ à°à°à°¾à°²à°¿à°¯à°¨à± à°à°à±à°à°°à°£à°à± à°à°¿à°¹à±à°¨à°à°à°¾ à°à°¨à±à°¨à°¾à°¯à°¿. à°à°à°¦à±à°à°à°à± à°à°§à±à°¨à°¿à° à°à°à±à°à±à°¤ à°à°à°¾à°²à°¿à°¯à°¨à± à°à°¾à°· à° à°à°¿à°µà±à°¦à±à°§à°¿à°²à± ఠతని à°ªà±à°°à°¯à°¤à±à°¨à°¾à°²à°²à± à°à°¾à°à°à°à°¾ à°à°¯à°¨ నవల ది à°¬à±à°à±à°°à±à°¥à±à°¡à± à°à±à°°à°¿à°¸à±à°à°¿à°¯à°¨à± విలà±à°µà°²à± à°¨à±à°¯à°¾à°¯à° à°°à°à±à°·à°£à°à± à°ªà±à°°à°¾à°§à°¾à°¨à±à°¯à°¤ à°à°à±à°à°¿à°¨ à°®à±à°¦à°à°¿ à°à°à°¾à°²à°¿à°¯à°¨à± à°à°¾à°°à°¿à°¤à±à°°à° నవలà°à°¾ à°à±à°°à±à°¤à°¿à°à°à°¬à°¡à±à°¤à±à°à°¦à°¿. à°¦à±à°¨à°¿à°¨à°¿ à°à°à°¾à°²à°¿à°¯à°¨à± à°à°¾à°·à°²à± à° à°¤à±à°¯à°à°¤ à°ªà±à°°à°¸à°¿à°¦à±à°§, విసà±à°¤à±à°¤à°à°à°¾ à°à°¦à°µà°¬à°¡à°¿à°¨ నవలà°à°¾ à°à±à°°à±à°¤à°¿à°¸à±à°¤à±à°¨à±à°¨à°¾à°°à±.[263]
19 à°µ శతాబà±à°¦à° à°à°¿à°µà°°à°¿à°²à± à°à°à°²à± సాహితà±à°¯à°à°²à± à°µà±à°°à°¿à°¸à±à°®à± ఠనౠవాసà±à°¤à°µà°¿à° సాహితà±à°¯ à°à°¦à±à°¯à°®à° à°ªà±à°°à°§à°¾à°¨ పాతà±à°° à°ªà±à°·à°¿à°à°à°¿à°à°¦à°¿; à°à°¿à°¯à±à°µà°¨à±à°¨à± à°µà±à°°à±à°à°¾ à°²à±à°¯à°¿à°à°¿ à°à±à°¯à°¾à°ªà±à°¯à±à°¨à°¾ దాని à°ªà±à°°à°§à°¾à°¨ à°¸à°à°à°à°¨à°²à±. à°à°¦à± à°à°¾à°²à°à°²à± à°à°®à°¿à°²à°¿à°¯à± సలà±à°à°¾à°°à°¿ (యాà°à±à°·à°¨à± à° à°¡à±à°µà±à°à°à°°à± à°¸à±à°µà°¾à°·à±à°¬à°à±à°²à°°à±à°¸à± à°°à°à°¯à°¿à°¤), à°¸à±à°¨à±à°¸à± à°«à°¿à°à±à°·à°¨à± మారà±à°à°¦à°°à±à°¶à°à±à°¡à± తన శాà°à°¡à±à°à°¨à± సిరà±à°¸à±à°¨à± à°ªà±à°°à°à±à°°à°¿à°à°à°¾à°°à±.[264] 1883 లౠà°à°¾à°°à±à°²à± à°à±à°²à±à°¡à°¿ (à°à°à°¾à°²à°¿à°¯à°¨à± à°°à°à°¯à°¿à°¤ à°µà±à°°à°¾à°¸à°¿à°¨ à° à°¤à±à°¯à°à°¤ à°ªà±à°°à°¸à°¿à°¦à±à°§à°¿à°à±à°à°¦à°¿à°¨ పిలà±à°²à°² à°à±à°²à°¾à°¸à°¿à°à±, à°ªà±à°°à°ªà°à°à°à°²à± à° à°¤à±à°¯à°§à°¿à°à°à°à°¾ à° à°¨à±à°µà°¦à°¿à°à°à°¬à°¡à°¿à°¨ మతరà±à°¤à°°à°®à±à°¨ à°ªà±à°¸à±à°¤à°à°®à±) " ది à° à°¡à±à°µà±à°à°à°°à± à°à°«à± పినà±à°à°¿à°¯à± " ఠనౠనవల à°ªà±à°°à°à±à°°à°¿à°à°à°¾à°¡à±.[261] 20 à°µ శతాబà±à°¦à° à°ªà±à°°à°¾à°°à°à°à°à°²à± à°«à±à°¯à±à°à°°à°¿à°à° à°à°¦à±à°¯à°®à° à°à°à°¾à°²à°¿à°¯à°¨à± సాహితà±à°¯à°¾à°¨à±à°¨à°¿ à°ªà±à°°à°à°¾à°µà°¿à°¤à° à°à±à°¸à°¿à°à°¦à°¿. ఫిలిపà±à°ªà± à°à°¾à°®à°¸à± మరà±à°¨à±à°à± à°µà±à°°à°¾à°¸à°¿à°¨ " మానిఫà±à°¸à±à°à± à°à°«à± à°«à±à°¯à±à°à°°à°¿à°à° "లౠà°à°ªà°¯à±à°à°¿à°à°à°¿à°¨ à°à°¾à°·, సామà±à°¤à°²à± à°µà±à°à°, à°à±à°¤à°¨à±à°¯à°, à°¯à°à°¤à±à°° à°¯à±à°à° హిà°à°¸ à°¨à±à°à°¡à°¿ à°à°¹à±à°²à°¾à°¦à°ªà°°à°à°¡à°¾à°¨à°¿à°à°¿ పిలà±à°ªà± à°à°à±à°à°¾à°¯à°¿.[265]
1889 à°¨à±à°à°¡à°¿ 1910 వరà°à± à°¨à±à°¬à±à°²à± à°à±à°°à°¹à±à°¤à°²à± à°à°¾à°¬à±à°°à°¿à°¯à±à°²à± à°¡à°¿'ఠననà±à°à°¿à°¯à±, 1906 లౠà°à°¾à°¤à±à°¯à°µà°¾à°¦ à°à°µà°¿ à°à°¿à°¯à±à°¸à± à°à°¾à°°à±à°à°¾à°°à±à°à°¿, 1926 లౠవాసà±à°¤à°µà°¿à° à°°à°à°¯à°¿à°¤à±à°°à°¿ à°à±à°°à°à°¿à°¯à°¾ à°¡à±à°²à±à°¡à°¾, 1936 లౠà°à°§à±à°¨à°¿à° థియà±à°à°°à± à°°à°à°¯à°¿à°¤ à°²à±à°¯à°¿à°à°¿ పిరాà°à°¡à±à°²à±à°²à±, 1960 లౠà°à°¿à°¨à±à°¨ à°à°¥à°² à°°à°à°¯à°¿à°¤ à°à°à°¾à°²à± à°à°¾à°²à±à°µà°¿à°¨à±, 1959 లౠà°à°µà°¿ సాలà±à°µà°¾à°à±à°°à± à°à±à°µà°¾à°¸à°¿à°®à±à°¡à±, 1975 లౠయà±à°à°¿à°¨à°¿à°¯à± à°®à±à°à°à°²à±, 1980 లౠà°à°à°¬à±à°°à±à°à± à°à°à±, 1997 లౠవà±à°¯à°à°à±à°¯ నాà°à° à°°à°à°¯à°¿à°¤ డారియౠఫà±. à°µà°à°à°¿ à°à°§à±à°¨à°¿à° సాహితà±à°¯à°µà±à°¤à±à°¤à°²à± à°à°¨à±à°¨à°¾à°°à±.[266]
à°à°à°¾à°²à°¿à°¯à°¨à± తతà±à°µà°µà±à°¤à±à°¤à°²à°²à± à°¸à±à°¸à±à°°à± à°¬à±à°à°¾à°°à°¿à°¯à°¾, à°à°¿à°¯à±à°°à±à°¦à°¨à± à°¬à±à°°à±à°¨à±, à°¬à±à°¨à±à°¡à±à°à±à°à± à°à±à°°à±à°¸à±, మారà±à°¸à°¿à°²à°¿à°¯à± ఫిసినà±, à°à°¿à°¯à°¾à°à°¬à°à°¿à°¸à±à°à°¾ విà°à±. à°ªà±à°°à°¾à°®à±à°à±à°¯à°¤ à°¸à°à°¤à°°à°¿à°à°à±à°à±à°¨à±à°¨à°¾à°°à±.
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à°à°à°²à± పాలà±à°¸à±à°à±à°°à°¿à°¨à°¾, à°®à±à°¨à±à°à±à°µà°°à±à°¦à°¿, à°à±à°¸à±à°¯à°²à±à°¡à±, బరà±à°à± à°¸à±à°µà°°à°à°°à±à°¤ à°¸à±à°à°¾à°°à±à°²à°¾à°à±, à°à±à°°à±à°²à±à°²à°¿, వివాలà±à°¡à°¿, à°à±à°²à°¾à°¸à°¿à°à°²à± à°¸à±à°µà°°à°à°°à±à°¤à°²à± à°ªà±à°¸à±à°²à±à°²à±, పాà°à°¾à°¨à°¿à°¨à°¿, à°°à±à°¸à±à°¸à°¿à°¨à°¿, à°°à±à°®à°¾à°à°à°¿à°à± à°¸à°à°à±à°¤ దరà±à°¶à°à±à°²à± à°µà±à°°à±à°¡à°¿, à°ªà±à°¸à±à°¸à°¿à°¨à°¿ à°µà°à°à°¿ à°¸à±à°µà°°à°à°°à±à°¤à°²à± à°ªà±à°¨à°°à±à°à±à°à±à°µà°¨à±à°¦à±à°¯à°® à°à°¾à°²à°à°¨à°¾à°à°¿ à°ªà±à°°à°¸à°¿à°¦à±à°§ à°¸à±à°µà°°à°à°°à±à°¤à°²à±à°à°¾ à°à±à°°à±à°¤à°¿à°à°à°¬à°¡à±à°¡à°¾à°°à±. à°ªà±à°°à°¯à±à°à°¾à°¤à±à°®à° à°à°²à°à±à°à±à°°à°¾à°¨à°¿à°à± à°¸à°à°à±à°¤à° à° à°à°¿à°µà±à°¦à±à°§à°¿à°²à± à°¬à±à°°à±à°¯à±, నానౠవà°à°à°¿ à°à°§à±à°¨à°¿à° à°à°à°¾à°²à°¿à°¯à°¨à± à°¸à±à°µà°°à°à°°à±à°¤à°²à± à°ªà±à°°à°¾à°§à°¾à°¨à±à°¯à°¤ వహిà°à°à°¾à°°à±. à°¸à°à°ªà±à°°à°¦à°¾à°¯ à°¸à°à°à±à°¤à° à°à°ªà±à°ªà°à°¿à°à± à°ªà±à°°à°à°¾à°¦à°°à°£ à°à°²à°¿à°à°¿ à°à°à°¦à°¿ ఠని మిలనౠలా à°¸à±à°à°¾à°²à°¾, à°¨à±à°ªà±à°²à±à°¸à± శానౠà°à°¾à°°à±à°²à± (à°ªà±à°°à°ªà°à°à°à°²à±à°¨à°¿ పబà±à°²à°¿à°à± à°à°ªà±à°°à°¾à°à± ఠతిపà±à°°à°¾à°¤à°¨à°®à±à°¨ à°µà±à°¦à°¿à°) à°µà°à°à°¿ à° à°¨à±à° à°à°ªà±à°°à°¾ à°¹à±à°¸à±à°²à± సాà°à±à°·à±à°¯à°à°à°¾ à°à°¨à±à°¨à°¾à°¯à°¿.[270] à°à°à°¾à°²à°¿à°¯à°¨à±à°²à± à° à°à°¿à°µà±à°¦à±à°§à°¿ à°à±à°à°¦à±à°¤à±à°¨à±à°¨ సమà°à°¾à°²à±à°¨ à°¸à°à°à±à°¤à°à°²à± పియానిసà±à°à± మారిà°à°¿à°¯à± à°ªà±à°²à±à°²à°¿à°¨à°¿, à°à±à°¨à±à°°à± à°²à±à°¸à°¿à°¯à°¾à°¨à± పవరà±à°à±à°à°¿ à°µà°à°à°¿ వాయిదà±à°¯à°à°¾à°°à±à°² à°ªà±à°°à°¤à°¿à°à°¾à°µà°à°¤à°®à±à°¨ à°ªà±à°°à°¦à°°à±à°¶à°¨à°²à± à°ªà±à°°à°¾à°§à°¾à°¨à±à°¯à°¤ వహిసà±à°¤à±à°¨à±à°¨à°¾à°°à±.
à°à°à°²à± à°à°ªà±à°°à°¾ à°à°¨à±à°®à°¸à±à°¥à°²à° ఠని à°ªà±à°°à°ªà°à°à°µà±à°¯à°¾à°ªà±à°¤à°à°à°¾ à°à°¾à°µà°¿à°¸à±à°¤à±à°¨à±à°¨à°¾à°°à±.[275] 17 à°µ శతాబà±à°¦à° à°ªà±à°°à°¾à°°à°à°à°à°²à± à°à°à°¾à°²à°¿à°¯à°¨à± à°à°ªà±à°°à°¾ à°®à°à°à±à°µà°¾, à°µà±à°¨à°¿à°¸à± à°µà°à°à°¿ à°¨à°à°°à°¾à°²à±à°²à± à°à°µà°¿à°·à±à°à°°à°¿à°à°à°¬à°¡à°¿à°à°¦à°¿.[275] 19 à°µ - 20 à°µ శతాబà±à°¦à°¾à°²à±à°²à±à°¨à°¿ రాసà±à°¸à°¿à°¨à°¿, à°¬à±à°²à±à°²à°¿à°¨à°¿, à°¡à±à°¨à°¿à°à±à°à°¿, à°µà±à°°à±à°¡à°¿, à°ªà±à°¸à±à°¸à°¿à°¨à± à°µà°à°à°¿ à°¸à±à°¥à°¾à°¨à°¿à° à°à°à°¾à°²à°¿à°¯à°¨à± à°à°à°ªà±à°¸à°°à±à°²à± à°°à°à°¿à°à°à°¿à°¨ à°°à°à°¨à°²à± à°ªà±à°°à°ªà°à°à°µà±à°¯à°¾à°ªà±à°¤à°à°à°¾ à°à°ªà±à°°à°¾ à°à±à°¹à°¾à°²à±à°²à± à°à°ªà±à°ªà°à°¿à°µà°°à°à± à°ªà±à°°à°¦à°°à±à°¶à°¿à°à°à°¬à°¡à±à°¤à±à°¨à±à°¨à°¾à°¯à°¿. మిలనౠలà±à°¨à°¿ లా à°¸à±à°à°¾à°²à°¾ à°à°ªà±à°°à°¾ à°¹à±à°¸à± à°ªà±à°°à°ªà°à°à°à°²à±à°¨à± à° à°¤à±à°¯à±à°¤à±à°¤à°®à±à°¨à°¦à°¿à°à°¾ à°ªà±à°°à±à°à°¾à°à°à°¿à°à°¦à°¿. à°à°¨à±à°°à°¿à°à± à°à°°à±à°¸à±, à° à°²à±à°¶à°¾à°à°¡à±à°°à± à°¬à±à°¨à±à°¸à± à°µà°à°à°¿ à°à°¾à°¯à°à±à°²à± à°à°à°¾à°²à°¿à°¯à°¨à± à°à°ªà±à°°à°¾ à°à°¾à°¯à°à±à°²à±à°à°¾ à°ªà±à°°à°¾à°®à±à°à±à°¯à°¤ వహిసà±à°¤à±à°¨à±à°¨à°¾à°°à±.
ఫాసిసà±à°à± పాలన à°à±à°¨à±à°«à±à°¬à°¿à°à± సాà°à°¸à±à°à±à°¤à°¿à° విధానాలౠà°à°¨à±à°¨à°ªà±à°ªà°à°¿à°à± 1920 లలౠపà±à°°à°µà±à°¶à°ªà±à°à±à°à°¬à°¡à°¿à°¨ à°à°¾à°à± à°à°à°²à±à°²à± బలమà±à°¨ à°ªà°à±à°à± సాధిà°à°à°¿ à°ªà±à°°à°à°¾à°¦à°°à°£ à°ªà±à°à°¦à°¿à°à°¦à°¿. à°ªà±à°°à°¸à±à°¤à±à°¤à° à°à°à°²à±à°²à± మిలనà±, à°°à±à°®à±, సిసిలౠనà°à°°à°¾à°²à± à°à°¾à°à± à°¸à°à°à±à°¤à°¾à°¨à°¿à°à°¿ à°®à±à°à±à°¯à°®à±à°¨ à°à±à°à°¦à±à°°à°¾à°²à±à°à°¾ à°à°¨à±à°¨à°¾à°¯à°¿. 1970 లలౠà°à°à°²à±à°²à± పి.à°à°«à±.à°à°, బాà°à°à± à°¡à±à°²à± à°®à±à°¯à±à°à± à°¸à°à±à°à±à°°à±à°¸à±, లౠà°à°°à±à°®à±, à°à±à°¬à±à°²à°¿à°¨à±, à°«à± à°µà°à°à°¿ à°¬à±à°¯à°¾à°à°¡à±à°²à°¤à± à°ªà±à°°à°à°¤à°¿à°¶à±à°² à°°à°¾à°à±, పాపౠà°à°¦à±à°¯à°®à° à°®à±à°à°¦à°à°à°²à± à°à°à°¦à°¿.[276] à°à°¦à± à°à°¾à°²à°à°²à± à°à°à°²à± à°à°¿à°¤à±à°°à°°à°à°à° à°µà±à°µà°¿à°§à±à°¯à°à°°à°¿à°¤à°à°à°¾ à°à°¨à°¿à°ªà°¿à°¸à±à°¤à±à°à°¦à°¿. సినà±à°¸à°¿à°à±à°à°¾ à°à°¿à°¤à±à°°à°¾à°²à°²à± à°à°¨à°¿à°¯à±à°¯à± à°®à±à°°à±à°°à°¿à°à°¨à±, à° à°°à±à°®à°à°¡à± à°à±à°°à±à°µà°¿à°¯à±à°²à±, పియరౠపిసిసియà±à°¨à°¿, à°ªà±à°°à± à°à°®à°¿à°²à°¿à°¯à°¨à± à°µà°à°à°¿ à°¸à±à°µà°°à°à°°à±à°¤à°²à± à°ªà±à°°à°¾à°¬à°²à±à°¯à°¤ సాధిà°à°à°¾à°°à±. 1980 à°² à°ªà±à°°à°¾à°°à°à°à°à°²à± à°à±à°µà°¨à±à°à±à°à°¿ à°®à±à°¦à°à°¿ à°à°à°¾à°²à°¿à°¯à°¨à± హిపౠహాపౠనà°à°¿à°à°¾ à°à°¾à°¯à°¨à°¿à°à°¾ à°ªà±à°°à°à±à°¯à°¾à°¤à°¿à°à°¡à°¿à°à°à°¿à°à°¦à°¿.[277] à°«à±à°°à±, లాà°à°¾à°¨ à°à°¾à°¯à°¿à°²à±, à°à°²à±à°µà±à°¨à±à°à°¿à°à°à±, à°«à°°à±à°à°¾à°à±à°¨à± సమాధి, à°«à±à°²à±à°·à±à°¡à± à° à°ªà±à°à°¾à°²à°¿à°ªà±à°¸à± à°µà°à°à°¿ à°ªà±à°°à°®à±à° à°à°à°¾à°²à°¿à°¯à°¨à± à°®à±à°à°²à± à°¬à±à°¯à°¾à°à°¡à±à°²à± వివిధ à°¹à±à°µà± à°®à±à°à°²à± à°¬à±à°¯à°¾à°à°¡à± మారà±à°à°¦à°°à±à°¶à°à±à°²à±à°à°¾ à°à±à°¡à°¾ à°à°¨à±à°¨à°¾à°¯à°¿.[278]
à°¡à°¿à°¸à±à°à±, à°à°²à±à°à±à°à±à°°à°¾à°¨à°¿à°à± à°®à±à°¯à±à°à°¿à°à± à° à°à°¿à°µà±à°¦à±à°§à°¿à°²à± à°à°à°²à± à°à±à°¡à°¾ à°à° à°®à±à°à±à°¯à°®à±à°¨ à°¦à±à°¶à°à°à°¾ à°à°à°¦à°¿. à°à°à°¾à°²à°¿à°¯à± à°¡à°¿à°¸à±à°à± à°«à±à°¯à±à°à°°à°¿à°¸à±à°à°¿à°à± à°§à±à°µà°¨à°¿, సిà°à°¥à°¸à±à°à°°à±à°²à±, à°¡à±à°°à°®à± à°®à±à°·à±à°¨à±à°¸à± à°à°ªà°¯à±à°à°¾à°¨à°¿à°à°¿ à°ªà±à°°à°¸à°¿à°¦à±à°§à°¿ à°à±à°à°¦à°¿à°à°¦à°¿. à°à°¦à°¿ à°ªà±à°°à°¾à°°à°à° à°à°²à°à±à°à±à°°à°¾à°¨à°¿à°à± à°¨à±à°¤à±à°¯ à°¶à±à°²à±à°²à±à°²à± à°à°à°à°¿à°à°¾ à°à°à°¦à°¿. ఠలాà°à± à°¡à°¿à°¸à±à°à± à°¯à±à°°à±à°ªà°¿à°¯à°¨à± à°°à±à°ªà°¾à°²à± à°¯à±à°°à± à°¡à°¿à°¸à±à°à± (తరà±à°µà°¾à°¤ à°¯à±à°°à±à°ªà°¿à°¯à°¨à±, à°¨à±à°¯à±-à°¡à°¿à°¸à±à°à± à°µà°à°à°¿ à° à°¨à±à° à°à°³à°¾ à°ªà±à°°à°à±à°°à°¿à°¯à°²à°¨à± à°ªà±à°°à°à°¾à°µà°¿à°¤à° à°à±à°¸à°¿à°à°¦à°¿)à°à°à°à± à°µà±à°¯à°¤à±à°¯à°¾à°¸à°à°à°¾ à°à°à°à±à°à°¦à°¿.[280] 1988 నాà°à°¿à°à°¿ à° à°à°³à°¾ à°ªà±à°°à°à±à°°à°¿à°¯ à°à°¤à°° à°¯à±à°°à±à°ªà°¿à°¯à°¨à± à°¨à±à°¤à±à°¯à°, à°à°²à°à±à°à±à°°à°¾à°¨à°¿à°à± à°¸à°à°à±à°¤à°à°²à± విలà±à°¨à° à° à°¯à±à°¯à°¿à°à°¦à°¿. à°à°¦à°¿ à°à°à°¾à°²à± à°¡à°¿à°¸à±à°à± à°µà°à°à°¿ à°¸à°à°ªà±à°°à°¦à°¾à°¯ à°à±à°¹ à°¸à°à°à±à°¤à°à°¤à± à°à°²à°¿à°ªà°¿à°à°¦à°¿; సాధారణà°à°à°¾ à°à°¦à°¿ à°à°à±à°à°¸à±à°¥à°¾à°¯à°¿à°²à± పియానౠమà±à°²à±à°¡à±à°² బలమà±à°¨ వాడà°à°à°¤à± à°§à±à°µà°¨à°¿à°¸à±à°¤à±à°à°¦à°¿. à° à°à°³à°¾ à°ªà±à°°à°à±à°°à°¿à°¯à°²à± à°¬à±à°²à°¾à°à± బాà°à±à°¸à±, à°à°¸à±à°à± à°¸à±à°¡à± à°¬à±à°à±, 49 à°¬à±à°¯à°¾à°¡à±à°²à± à°à°¨à±à°¨à°¾à°¯à°¿. 1990 à°² à°°à±à°à°¡à°µ à°¸à°à° నాà°à°¿à°à°¿ à°¯à±à°°à±à°¡à°¾à°¨à±à°¸à± à°à°ªà°¶à°¾à° à°à°à°¾à°²à± డానà±à°¸à± ఠని పిలà±à°µà°¬à°¡à°¿à°à°¦à°¿. à°à°à°¾à°²à°¾ à°¡à°¿à°¸à±à°à±, à°à°à°¾à°²à± à°¹à±à°¸à±à°² à°¨à±à°à°¡à°¿ à°µà°à±à°à°¿à°¨ à°ªà±à°°à°à°¾à°µà°, à°à°à°à± à°¨à±à°¤à±à°¯à°à°²à± సాధారణà°à°à°¾ సిà°à°¥à°¸à±à°à°°à± à°°à°¿à°«à±à°à±à°²à±, à°¶à±à°°à°¾à°µà±à°¯à°®à±à°¨ à°§à±à°µà°¨à°¿, వాà°à±à°¡à°°à±à°²à± వాడà°à°à°²à± à°à°¨à±à°¨à°¾à°¯à°¿. à°ªà±à°°à°®à±à° à°à°à°¾à°²à°¿à°¯à°¨à± à°¡à°¿à°à±.à°²à±, à°°à±à°®à°¿à°à±à°¸à±à°²à± à°à±à°¯à°¾à°°à± à°ªà±à°à°à± (à°à°«à°¿à°²à± 65 à°¸à°à±à°¯à±à°¡à±), à°¬à±à°¨à±à°¨à± à°¬à±à°¨à°¸à±à°¸à±, à°à°¿à°à°¿ à°¡à°¿ à° à°à±à°¸à±à°à°¿à°¨à±, à°à±à°°à°¿à°¯à± à°à°à°¾à°¬à±à°°à± à°à°¨à±à°¨à°¾à°°à±.
à°à°²à°à±à°à±à°°à°¾à°¨à°¿à°à± à°¨à±à°¤à±à°¯ à°¸à°à°à±à°¤à°à°²à± à°à°¾à°°à±à°à°¿à°¯à± à°®à±à°°à±à°¡à°°à± à°µà°à°à°¿ నిరà±à°®à°¾à°¤à°²à± 3 à° à°à°¾à°¡à±à°®à± ఠవారà±à°¡à±à°²à±, 4 à°à±à°²à±à°¡à±à°¨à± à°à±à°²à±à°¬à±à°¸à± ఠవారà±à°¡à±à°²à± à°à±à°²à±à°à±à°à±à°¨à°¿ à°ªà±à°°à°¾à°¬à°²à±à°¯à°¤ à°¸à°à°¤à°°à°¿à°à°à±à°à±à°¨à±à°¨à°¾à°°à±.[279] à°ªà±à°°à°¸à±à°¤à±à°¤à° à°à°à°¾à°²à°¿à°¯à°¨à± పాపౠసà°à°à±à°¤à° à°ªà±à°°à°¤à°¿ à°¸à°à°µà°¤à±à°¸à°°à° సానà±à°°à±à°®à± à°®à±à°¯à±à°à°¿à°à± à°«à±à°¸à±à°à°¿à°µà°²à±âలౠపà±à°°à°¤à°¿à°§à±à°µà°¨à°¿à°¸à±à°¤à±à°à°¦à°¿. à°à°¦à°¿ à°¯à±à°°à±à°µà°¿à°à°¨à± పాఠపà±à°à±à°à°¿, à°¸à±à°ªà±à°²à±à°à±à°²à± " à°«à±à°¸à±à°à°¿à°µà°²à± à°à°«à± à°à± వరలà±à°¡à±à°¸à± " à°ªà±à°°à±à°°à°£ à°à°²à°¿à°à°¿à°à°à°¿à°à°¦à°¿.[281] à°à°à°²à±à°²à± మినా, à°à°à°¡à±à°°à°¿à°¯à°¾ à°¬à±à°¸à±à°²à±à°²à°¿, à°à±à°°à°¾à°®à± విà°à±à°¤ లారా à°ªà±à°¸à°¿à°¨à°¿, à°à±à°à±à°°à±, à°à°°à±à°¸à± à°°à°®à°à±à°à±à°à±à°à°¿, à°à°¿à°à°¯à°¾à°¨à± à°«à±à°°à±à°°à± à°µà°à°à°¿ à°à°¾à°¯à°à±à°²à± à° à°à°¤à°°à±à°à°¾à°¤à±à°¯ à°à±à°¯à°¾à°¤à°¿à°µà°¹à°¿à°¸à±à°¤à± à°à°¨à±à°¨à°¾à°°à±.
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à°²à±à°®à°¿à°°à± à°¬à±à°°à°¦à°°à±à°¸à± à°®à±à°·à°¨à± పిà°à±à°à°°à± à°à°à±à°à°¿à°¬à°¿à°·à°¨à±à°²à°¨à± à°ªà±à°°à°¾à°°à°à°à°¿à°à°à°¿à°¨ à°à±à°¦à±à°¦à°¿ à°¨à±à°²à°² తరà±à°µà°¾à°¤ à°à°à°¾à°²à°¿à°¯à°¨à± సినిమా à°à°°à°¿à°¤à±à°° à°®à±à°¦à°²à±à°à°¦à°¿. à°®à±à°à±à°à°®à±à°¦à°à°¿ à°à°à°¾à°²à°¿à°¯à°¨à± à°ªà±à°ªà± లియౠ13 à°à°¿à°¤à±à°°à° à°à±à°®à±à°°à°¾à°à± à°à° à°à°¶à±à°°à±à°µà°¾à°¦à°¾à°¨à±à°¨à°¿ à°à±à°ªà°¿à°à°à°¡à°à°¤à± à°à±à°¨à±à°¨à°¿ à°¸à±à°à°¨à±à°²à± à°ªà±à°°à°¦à°°à±à°¶à°¿à°à°à°¬à°¡à°¿à°à°¦à°¿. à°à°à°¾à°²à°¿à°¯à°¨à± à°à°¿à°¤à±à°° పరిశà±à°°à°® 1903 - 1908 మధà±à°¯ à°®à±à°¡à± à°à°à°ªà±à°¨à±à°²à°¤à± à°®à±à°¦à°²à±à°à°¦à°¿: à°¸à±à°¸à±à° à°à°à°¾à°²à°¿à°¯à°¾ à°à±à°¨à±à°¸à±, à°à°à°¬à±à°°à±à°¸à°¿à°¯à± à°«à°¿à°²à±à°®à±, à°à°à°¾à°²à°¾ ఫిలిà°. మిలనà±, à°¨à±à°ªà±à°²à°²à± à°à°¤à°° à°à°à°ªà±à°¨à±à°²à± à°¤à±à°µà°°à°²à±à°¨à± à°ªà±à°°à°¾à°°à°à°à°¿à°à°à°¬à°¡à±à°¡à°¾à°¯à°¿. à°à±à°¦à±à°¦à°¿ à°¸à±à°ªà°à°¿à°à± à° à°®à±à°¦à°à°¿ à°à°à°ªà±à°¨à±à°²à± నాణà±à°¯à°®à±à°¨ à°à°¿à°¤à±à°°à°¾à°²à°¨à± నిరà±à°®à°¿à°à°à°¾à°¯à°¿. à°à°µà°¿ à°à°à°²à± à°µà±à°²à±à°ªà°² à°¤à±à°µà°°à°²à± విà°à±à°°à°¯à°¿à°à°à°¬à°¡à±à°¡à°¾à°¯à°¿. తరà±à°µà°¾à°¤ సినిమానౠనిరà±à°®à°¿à°à°à°¿à°¨ à°¬à±à°¨à°¿à°à± à°®à±à°¸à±à°¸à±à°²à°¿à°¨à± à°°à±à°à°²à± à°ªà±à°°à°à±à°¯à°¾à°¤ సినà±à°¸à°¿à°à±à°à°¾ à°¸à±à°à±à°¡à°¿à°¯à±à°¨à°¿ (à°°à±à°à°¡à°µ à°ªà±à°°à°ªà°à° à°¯à±à°¦à±à°§à° వరà°à± ఫాసిసà±à°à± à°ªà±à°°à°à°¾à°°à° à°à±à°°à°à±) à°¸à±à°¥à°¾à°ªà°¿à°à°à°¾à°¡à±.[282]
à°¯à±à°¦à±à°§à° తరà±à°µà°¾à°¤ 1980 లలౠà°à°³à°¾à°¤à±à°®à° పతనఠవరà°à± à°à°à°¾à°²à°¿à°¯à°¨à± à°à°¿à°¤à±à°°à° à°ªà±à°°à°ªà°à°à°µà±à°¯à°¾à°ªà±à°¤à°à°à°¾ à°à±à°°à±à°¤à°¿à°à°à°¬à°¡à°¿ à°à°à±à°®à°¤à°¿ à°à±à°¯à°¬à°¡à°¿à°à°¦à°¿. à° à°à°¾à°²à°à°²à± à°à°à°¾à°²à°¿à°¯à°¨à± à°à°¿à°¤à±à°° దరà±à°¶à°à±à°²à± విà°à±à°°à°¿à°¯à± à°¡à°¿ సిà°à°¾, à°«à±à°¡à±à°°à°¿à°à± à°«à±à°²à±à°²à°¿à°¨à°¿, à°¸à±à°°à±à°à°¿à°¯à± లియà±à°¨à±, à°ªà±à°°à± పావà±à°²à± పాసà±à°²à°¿à°¨à±, à°²à±à°à°¿à°¨à± విసà±à°à±à°à°à°¿, మిà°à±à°²à°¾à°à°à±à°²à± à°à°à°à±à°¨à°¿à°¯à±à°¨à°¿, రాబరà±à°à± à°°à±à°¸à±à°²à±à°²à°¿à°¨à°¿ à°ªà±à°°à°¾à°®à±à°à±à°¯à°¤ వహిà°à°à°¾à°°à±. వారిలౠà°à±à°à°¤à°®à°à°¦à°¿ à° à°¤à±à°¯à°à°¤ à°ªà±à°°à°à°¾à°µà°µà°à°¤à°®à±à°¨ à°à°¿à°¤à±à°° నిరà±à°®à°¾à°¤à°²à±à°à°¾ à°à±à°°à±à°¤à°¿à°à°à°¬à°¡à±à°¡à°¾à°°à±.[283][284][285] à°¸à±à°à°¿à°²à±à°¸à± à°¥à±à°µà±à°¸à±, లా à°¡à±à°²à±à°¸à± à°µà±à°à°¾, 8½, ది à°à±à°¡à±, ది బాడౠఠà°à°¡à± ది à° à°à±à°²à±, వనà±à°¸à± ఠపానౠఠà°à±à° ది à°µà±à°¸à±à°à±, ది à°à±à°à°°à± à° à°à°¡à± ది à°¸à±à°¨à± à°µà°à°à°¿ à°à°à°¾à°²à°¿à°¯à°¨à± à°à°¿à°¤à±à°°à°¾à°²à± à°ªà±à°°à°ªà°à° à°à°²à°¨ à°à°¿à°¤à±à°°à°¾à°² నిధà±à°²à±à°à°¾ à°à°¾à°µà°¿à°à°à°¬à°¡à±à°¤à± à°à°¨à±à°¨à°¾à°¯à°¿. 1950 à°² à°à°°à°à°à°à°²à± 1940 à°² మధà±à°¯à°à°¾à°²à°à°²à± నియà±à°°à°¿à°¯à°²à°¿à°¸à±à°à± à°à°¿à°¤à±à°°à°¾à°²à± à°¯à±à°¦à±à°§à°¾à°¨à°à°¤à°° à°à°à°²à± à°ªà±à°²à°µà°®à±à°¨ పరిసà±à°¥à°¿à°¤à°¿à°¨à°¿ à°ªà±à°°à°¤à°¿à°¬à°¿à°à°¬à°¿à°à°à°¾à°¯à°¿.[286][287]
1950 à°µ దశాబà±à°¦à°à°²à± à°¦à±à°¶à° à°¸à°à°ªà°¨à±à°¨à°®à±à°¨à°¦à°¿à°à°¾ మారిà°à°¦à°¿. తరà±à°µà°¾à°¤ నియà±à°°à°¾à°²à°¿à°à° à°à° à°°à±à°ªà°à°²à± à°à°à°à±à°¨ పిà°à°à± నియà±à°°à°¿à°¯à°²à°¿à°à° ఠని పిలà±à°µà°¬à°¡à± బాణి విà°à°¯à°µà°à°¤à°®à±à°à°¦à°¿. 1960 - 1970 లలౠపà±à°°à°¸à°¿à°¦à±à°§à°¿ à°à±à°à°¦à°¿à°¨ à°¸à±à°ªà°à±à°à±à°à°¿ à°µà±à°¸à±à°à°°à±à°¨à± à°à°¿à°¤à±à°°à°¾à°²à± à°¸à±à°µà±à°°à±à°¡à± à° à°à°¡à± శాà°à°¡à°²à± à°µà°à°à°¿ à°à°¤à°° à°à°¿à°¤à±à°°à°¬à°¾à°£à±à°²à± à°à°¨à±à°¨à°¾à°¯à°¿. à° à°à°¾à°²à°à°²à± à°¸à±à°«à°¿à°¯à°¾ à°²à±à°°à±à°¨à±, à°à°¿à°¯à±à°²à°¿à°¯à±à°à± మాసిననా, à°à°¿à°¨à°¾ లాలà±à°¬à±à°°à°¿à°à°¿à°¡à°¾ à°µà°à°à°¿ à°¨à°à±à°®à°£à±à°²à± à° à°à°¤à°°à±à°à°¾à°¤à±à°¯ à°à±à°°à±à°¤à°¿à°¨à°¿ సాధిà°à°à°¾à°°à±. 1970 లలౠమారియౠబావ, డారియౠఠరà±à°à±à°à°à± à°µà°à°à°¿ దరà±à°¶à°à±à°²à± నిరà±à°®à°¿à°à°à°¿à°¨ à°¶à±à°à°à°¾à°° à°à°à°¾à°²à°¿à°¯à°¨à± à°¥à±à°°à°¿à°²à±à°²à°°à±à°²à±, à°à°¿à°¯à±à°²à±à°²à±à°¸à± à°à°¯à°¾à°¨à° à°¶à±à°²à°¿ à°à°¿à°¤à±à°°à°¾à°²à± à°à±à°¡à°¾ à°ªà±à°°à°ªà°à°à°µà±à°¯à°¾à°ªà±à°¤à°à°à°¾ à°ªà±à°°à°à°²à°¨à± à°ªà±à°°à°à°¾à°µà°¿à°¤à° à°à±à°¸à°¾à°¯à°¿. à°à°à±à°µà°² à°¸à°à°µà°¤à±à°¸à°°à°¾à°²à±à°²à± à°à°à°²à± సనà±à°¨à°¿à°µà±à°¶à° à° à°ªà±à°ªà±à°¡à°ªà±à°ªà±à°¡à± à° à°à°¤à°°à±à°à°¾à°¤à±à°¯ à°¦à±à°·à±à°à°¿à°¨à°¿ à°à°à°°à±à°·à°¿à°à°à°¿à°à°¦à°¿. రాబరà±à°à± à°¬à±à°¨à°¿à°à±à°¨à°¿, à°à°²à± à°ªà±à°¡à°¿à°¯à±à°¨à± దరà±à°¶à°à°¤à±à°µà° వహిà°à°à°¿à°¨ à°²à±à°«à± à°à°¸à± à°¬à±à°¯à±à°à°¿à°«à±à°²à± à°µà°à°à°¿ సినిమాలà±: à°ªà±à°¸à±à°®à°¾à°¨à± మసà±à°¸à°¿à°®à± à°à±à°°à±à°¸à±, à°ªà±à°²à± à°¸à±à°°à±à°°à±à°à°à°¿à°¨à± దరà±à°¶à°à°¤à±à°µà° వహిà°à°à°¿à°¨ ది à°à±à°°à±à°à± à°¬à±à°¯à±à°à± à°µà°à°à°¿ à°à°¿à°¤à±à°°à°¾à°²à± à° à°ªà±à°ªà±à°¡à°ªà±à°ªà±à°¡à± à° à°à°¤à°°à±à°à°¾à°¤à±à°¯ à°ªà±à°°à±à°à±à°·à°à±à°² à°¦à±à°·à±à°à°¿à°¨à°¿ à°à°à°°à±à°·à°¿à°à°à°¾à°¯à°¿.
à°ªà±à°¨ à°ªà±à°°à±à°à±à°¨à±à°¨ సినà±à°¸à±à°à±à°à°¾ à°¸à±à°à±à°¡à°¿à°¯à± à°ªà±à°°à°¸à±à°¤à±à°¤à° à°à°à°¡à°¾à°à°¤à°° à°à°°à±à°ªà°¾, ఠతిపà±à°¦à±à°¦ సినిమా బాà°à±à°¸à± à°à°«à±à°¸à± హిà°à±à°²à°¨à± à°ªà±à°¦à±à°¦ à°¸à°à°à±à°¯à°²à± à°¸à±à°¥à°¾à°ªà°¿à°à°à°¿à°¨ à°à°à°¾à°²à°¿à°¯à°¨à± సినిమా à°à±à°à°¦à±à°°à°à°à°¾ à°à°à°¦à°¿. à°ªà±à°°à°ªà°à°à°à°²à± ఠతిపà±à°¦à±à°¦ à°à°¤à±à°ªà°¤à±à°¤à°¿ సినిమా, à°à±à°²à°¿à°µà°¿à°à°¨à± à°à°¤à±à°ªà°¤à±à°¤à°¿ à°à±à°à°¦à±à°°à°à°à°¾ à°à°à°¦à°¿. 1950 à°µ దశà°à°à°²à± à° à°¤à±à°¯à°§à°¿à°à°à°à°¾ à° à°à°¤à°°à±à°à°¾à°¤à±à°¯ à°à°¿à°¤à±à°°à°¾à°² తయారà±à°¤à± à°°à±à°®à± "హాలà±à°µà±à°¡à± à°à°¨à± ది à°à°¿à°¬à±à°°à±"à°à°¾ à°ªà±à°°à±à°ªà±à°à°¦à°¿à°à°¦à°¿. ఠసినిమాలౠ90 à°®à°à°¦à°¿à°à°¿ à° à°à°¾à°¡à±à°®à± ఠవారà±à°¡à± à°ªà±à°°à°¤à°¿à°ªà°¾à°¦à°¿à°à°à°¬à°¡à°¿à°à°¦à°¿. à° à°à°¦à±à°²à± 47 à°®à°à°¦à°¿à°à°¿ à°à°¦à°¿ à°²à°à°¿à°à°à°¿à°à°¦à°¿. à°à°à±à°µà°² à°°à±à°®à°¨à± హాలిడà±, à°¬à±à°¨à±-à°¹à±à°°à±, à°à±à°²à°¿à°¯à±à°ªà°¾à°¤à±à°°à°¾, à°°à±à°®à°¿à°¯à± à° à°à°¡à± à°à±à°²à°¿à°¯à°à±, ది à°à°à°à±à°²à±à°·à± à°ªà±à°·à°à°à±, ది పాషనౠà°à°«à± ది à°à±à°°à°¿à°¸à±à°à±, à°à±à°¯à°¾à°à°à±à°¸à± à°à°«à± à°¨à±à°¯à±à°¯à°¾à°°à±à°à± à°®à±à°¦à°²à±à°¨ à°à±à°²à°¾à°¸à°¿à°à± à°à°¿à°¤à±à°°à°¾à°²à°à± ఠవారà±à°¡à± à°ªà±à°°à°¤à°¿à°ªà°¾à°¦à°¿à°à°à°¬à°¡à°¿à°à°¦à°¿. [288]
à°à°à°²à± à° à°¤à±à°¯à±à°¤à±à°¤à°® విదà±à°¶à± à°à°¾à°·à°¾ à°à°¿à°¤à±à°°à° à°à±à°¸à° à° à°à°¾à°¡à°®à± ఠవారà±à°¡à±à°²à°²à± à° à°¤à±à°¯à°§à°¿à° ఠవారà±à°¡à±à°²à°¨à± à°ªà±à°à°¦à°¿à°¨ à°¦à±à°¶à°à°à°¾ à°à±à°°à±à°¤à°¿à°à°à°¬à°¡à±à°¤à±à°à°¦à°¿. à° à°à°¦à±à°²à± 14 ఠవారà±à°¡à±à°²à±, 3 à°¸à±à°ªà±à°·à°²à± ఠవారà±à°¡à±à°²à±, 31 నామినà±à°·à°¨à±à°²à± à°à°¨à±à°¨à°¾à°¯à°¿. 2016 నాà°à°¿à°à°¿ à°à°à°¾à°²à°¿à°¯à°¨à± సినిమాలౠ12 పలà±à°®à±à°¸à± à°¡à°¿ à°à°°à± ( à°°à±à°à°¡à°µà°¦à°¿), 11 à°à±à°²à±à°¡à±à°¨à± లయనà±à°¸à±, 7 à°à±à°²à±à°¡à±à°¨à± à°¬à±à°°à±à°¸à°°à±à°²à°¨à± à°à±à°¡à°¾ à°à±à°²à±à°à±à°à±à°¨à±à°¨à°¾à°¯à°¿.
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à°à°à°²à±à°²à± à° à°¤à±à°¯à°à°¤ à°à°¨à°¾à°¦à°°à°£ à°ªà±à°à°¦à°¿à°¨ à°à±à°°à±à°¡ à°«à±à°à± బాలౠà°à°ªà±à°ªà°à°¿ వరà°à± à°à°¨à°¿à°à°¿à°²à± à°à°à°¦à°¿.[289] à°à°à°²à± à°à°¾à°¤à±à°¯ à°«à±à°à±à°¬à°¾à°²à± à°à°à±à°à± (à°®à±à°¦à±à°¦à±à°ªà±à°°à± à°à±à°²à°¿ à° à°à±à°à±à°°à°¿ - "à°¬à±à°²à±à°¸à±") 4 à°à°«à±.à°.à°à°«à±.à°. వరలà±à°¡à± à°à°ªà± (1934, 1938, 1982, 2006) à°à±à°°à±à°¡à°²à°²à± విà°à°¯à° సాధిà°à°à°¿à°à°¦à°¿. à°à°¦à°¿ à°ªà±à°°à°ªà°à°à°à°²à± à° à°¤à±à°¯à°à°¤ విà°à°¯à°µà°à°¤à°®à±à°¨ à°à°à±à°²à°²à°²à± à°à°à°à°¿à°à°¾ à°à±à°°à±à°¤à°¿à°à°à°¬à°¡à±à°¤à±à°à°¦à°¿.[290] à°à°à°²à± à°à±à°²à°¬à±à°²à± 48 à°ªà±à°°à°§à°¾à°¨ à°¯à±à°°à±à°ªà°¿à°¯à°¨à± à°à±à°°à±à°«à±à°²à°¨à± à°à±à°²à±à°à±à°à±à°¨à±à°¨à°¾à°¯à°¿. à° à°¤à±à°¯à°à°¤ విà°à°¯à°µà°à°¤à°®à±à°¨ à°¯à±à°°à±à°ªà°¿à°¯à°¨à± à°«à±à°à±à°¬à°¾à°²à± à°¦à±à°¶à°¾à°²à°²à± à°à°à°²à± à°°à±à°à°¡à°µ à°¸à±à°¥à°¾à°¨à°à°²à± à°à°à°¦à°¿. à°à°à°²à± à° à°à±à°°à°¶à±à°°à±à°£à°¿ à°à±à°²à°¬à± à°«à±à°à± బాలౠలà±à°à± సిరౠఠఠనౠపà±à°°à±à°¤à± పిలà±à°µà°¬à°¡à±à°¤à± à°à°à°¦à°¿. à°à°¦à°¿ à°à°°à±à°ªà°¾à°²à± 3 à°µ à°¸à±à°¥à°¾à°¨à°à°²à± నిలిà°à°¿à°à°¦à°¿. à°à°¦à°¿ à°ªà±à°°à°ªà°à°à°µà±à°¯à°¾à°ªà±à°¤à°à°à°¾ మిలియనà±à°² à°à±à°¦à±à°¦à± à° à°à°¿à°®à°¾à°¨à±à°²à°¨à± à°à°²à°¿à°à°¿ à°à°à°¦à°¿.
à°à°à°²à±à°²à± à°à°¤à°° à°à°à±à°à± à°à±à°°à±à°¡à°²à°²à± వాలà±à°¬à°¾à°²à±, బాసà±à°à±à°à±à°¬à°¾à°²à±, à°°à°à±à°¬à± à°ªà±à°°à°¸à°¿à°¦à±à°§à°¿à°µà°¹à°¿à°¸à±à°¤à± à°à°¨à±à°¨à°¾à°¯à°¿. à°à°à°²à± à°ªà±à°°à±à°·à±à°², మహిళా à°à°¾à°¤à±à°¯ వాలà±à°¬à°¾à°²à± à°à°à±à°²à± తరà°à± à°ªà±à°°à°ªà°à°à°à°²à±à°¨à°¿ à°à°¤à±à°¤à°®à°®à±à°¨à°µà°¿à°à°¾ à°à±à°°à±à°¤à°¿à°à°à°¬à°¡à±à°¤à± à°à°¨à±à°¨à°¾à°¯à°¿. à°à°à°¾à°²à°¿à°¯à°¨à± à°à°¾à°¤à±à°¯ బాసà±à°à±à°à±à°¬à°¾à°²à± à°à°à±à°à± à°à°¤à±à°¤à°® ఫలితాలతౠà°à°°à±à°ªà°¾à°²à± à° à°¤à±à°¯à°à°¤ à°ªà±à°à±à°¤à°¤à±à°µ à°®à±à°¨ à°à°à±à°²à°²à± à°à°à°à°¿à°à°¾ పరిà°à°£à°¿à°à°à°¬à°¡à±à°¤à±à°à°¦à°¿ 2004 à°²à±à°à°¾ బాసà±à°à±à°à± సిరౠఠà°à°²à°¿à°à°ªà°¿à°à±à°¸à±à°²à±, à°¯à±à°°à±à°¬à°¾à°¸à±à°à±à°à± 1983 à°à±à°°à±à°¡à°²à°²à± à°¬à°à°à°¾à°°à±à°ªà°¤à°à°, à°¯à±à°°à±à°¬à°¾à°¸à±à°à±à°à± 1999 à°à±à°°à±à°¡à°²à°²à± à°µà±à°à°¡à°¿ పతà°à° సాధిà°à°à°¿à°à°¦à°¿. à°°à°à±à°¬à± à°¯à±à°¨à°¿à°¯à°¨à± à°®à°à°à°¿ à°¸à±à°¥à°¾à°¯à°¿à°¤à± à°®à±à°à±à°¯à°à°à°¾ à°¦à±à°¶à°à°²à±à°¨à°¿ à°à°¤à±à°¤à°° à°ªà±à°°à°¾à°à°¤à°à°²à± à°à°¨à°¾à°¦à°°à°£ à°ªà±à°à°¦à°¿ à°à°à°¦à°¿. à°à°à°²à± à°à°¾à°¤à±à°¯ à°à°à±à°à± 6 à°¨à±à°·à°¨à±à°¸à± à°à°¾à°à°ªà°¿à°¯à°¨à±à°·à°¿à°ªà±à°ªà±à°²à°²à± à°ªà±à°à± à°à±à°¸à°¿à°à°¦à°¿. à°°à°à±à°¬à± వరలà±à°¡à± à°à°ªà±à°ªà±à°²à± à°°à±à°à±à°¯à±à°²à°°à±à°à°¾ పాలà±à°à±à°¨à±à°¨à°¦à°¿. à°ªà±à°°à°ªà°à° à°°à°à±à°¬à± à°à°à°²à±à°¨à°¿ à°à° à°à±à°°à±-వనౠదà±à°¶à°à°à°¾ వరà±à°à±à°à°°à°¿à°à°à°¿à°à°¦à°¿. à°ªà±à°°à±à°·à±à°² వాలà±à°¬à°¾à°²à± à°à°à±à°à± à°®à±à°¡à± వరà±à°¸ à°ªà±à°°à°ªà°à° à°à°¾à°à°ªà°¿à°¯à°¨à±à°·à°¿à°ªà±à°ªà±à°²à°¨à± (1990, 1994, 1998 à°²à±) à°à±à°²à±à°à±à°à±à°à°¦à°¿. 1996, 2004, 2016 à°¸à°à°µà°¤à±à°¸à°°à°¾à°²à±à°²à± à°à°²à°¿à°à°ªà°¿à°à± à°µà±à°à°¡à°¿ పతà°à°¾à°¨à±à°¨à°¿ సాధిà°à°à°¿à°à°¦à°¿.
à°à°à°²à±à°²à± à°µà±à°¯à°à±à°¤à°¿à°à°¤ à°à±à°°à±à°¡à°²à°²à± à°¸à±à°¦à±à°°à±à°à°®à±à°¨, విà°à°¯à°µà°à°¤à°®à±à°¨ à°¸à°à°ªà±à°°à°¦à°¾à°¯à° à°à°à°¦à°¿. à°¸à±à°à°¿à°²à± à°°à±à°¸à°¿à°à°à± à°¦à±à°¶à°à°²à± à°ªà±à°°à°¾à°à±à°°à±à°¯à° à°à°²à°¿à°à°¿à°¨ à°à±à°°à±à°¡à°à°¾ à°à°à°¦à°¿.[291]
à°¬à±à°²à±à°à°¿à°¯à° మినహా à°à°¤à°° à°¦à±à°¶à°¾à°² à°à°à°à± à°à°à°¾à°²à°¿à°¯à°¨à±à°²à± à°¯à±.సి.à°. à°ªà±à°°à°ªà°à° à°à°¾à°à°ªà°¿à°¯à°¨à±à°·à°¿à°ªà±à°ªà±à°²à°¨à± à°à±à°²à±à°à±à°à±à°¨à±à°¨à°¾à°°à±. à°à°¿à°°à± à°¡à°¿ à°à°à°¾à°²à°¿à°¯à°¾ à°¸à±à°à°¿à°²à± à°ªà±à°à±à°²à± à°ªà±à°°à°¤à°¿ మౠమాసà°à°²à± నిరà±à°µà°¹à°¿à°à°à°¬à°¡à±à°¤à±à°à°¦à°¿. à°à±à°°à°¾à°à°¡à± à°à±à°°à± à°¸à±à°à°¿à°²à± à°ªà±à°à±à°²à± à°à±à°°à± à°¡à°¿ à°«à±à°°à°¾à°¨à±à°¸à±, à°µà±à°¯à±à°²à±à°à°¾ à° à°à°¸à±à°ªà°¨à°¾ లతౠమà±à°¡à± à°à±à°°à°¾à°à°¡à± పరà±à°¯à°à°¨à°²à± à°à°à°à°¿ నిరà±à°µà°¹à°¿à°¸à±à°¤à±à°à°¦à°¿. à°à°µà°¿ à°à°à±à°à±à°à±à°à°à°¿ 3 వారాల à°à°¾à°²à° నిరà±à°µà°¹à°¿à°à°à°¬à°¡à±à°¤à±à°à°à°¾à°¯à°¿. à°à°²à±à°ªà±à°¨à± à°¸à±à°à±à°¯à°¿à°à°à± à°à±à°¡à°¾ à°à°à°²à±à°²à± à°à°¾à°²à°¾ విసà±à°¤à±à°¤à°®à±à°¨ à°à°¦à°°à°£ à°à°²à°¿à°à°¿ à°à°à°¦à°¿. à°¦à±à°¶à° à°¸à±à°à± రిసారà±à°à±à°²à°¤à± à°à° à°ªà±à°°à°®à±à° à° à°à°¤à°°à±à°à°¾à°¤à±à°¯ à°¸à±à°à±à°¯à°¿à°à°à± à°à°®à±à°¯à°à°à°¾ à°à°à°¦à°¿.[292] à°à°à°¾à°²à°¿à°¯à°¨à± à°¸à±à°à±à°¯à°°à±à°²à°à± విà°à°à°°à± à°à°²à°¿à°à°ªà°¿à°à± à°à±à°®à±à°¸à±, à°à°²à±à°ªà±à°¨à± à°¸à±à°à± వరలà±à°¡à± à°à°ªà±, à°ªà±à°°à°ªà°à° à°à°¾à°à°ªà°¿à°¯à°à°·à°¿à°ªà±à°ªà±à°²à°²à± à°®à°à°à°¿ ఫలితాలనౠసాధిà°à°à°¿à°à°¦à°¿. à°à°à°²à± à°à±à°¨à±à°¨à°¿à°¸à±à°²à± à°à°£à°¨à±à°¯à°®à±à°¨ à°ªà±à°°à±à°à°¤à°¿ సాధిà°à°à°¿à°à°¦à°¿. à°à°¦à°¿ à°¦à±à°¶à°à°²à± à° à°¤à±à°¯à°§à°¿à°à°à°à°¾ à° à°à±à°¯à°¸à°¿à°¸à±à°¤à±à°¨à±à°¨ à°à±à°°à±à°¡à°à°¾ 4 à°µ à°¸à±à°¥à°¾à°¨à°à°²à± à°à°à°¦à°¿.[293] 1930 లౠసà±à°¥à°¾à°ªà°¿à°à°à°¬à°¡à°¿à°¨ à°°à±à°®à± మాసà±à°à°°à±à°¸à± à°ªà±à°°à°ªà°à°à°à°²à± à° à°¤à±à°¯à°à°¤ à°ªà±à°°à°¤à°¿à°·à±à° ాతà±à°®à° à°à±à°¨à±à°¨à°¿à°¸à± à°à±à°°à±à°¨à°®à±à°à°à±à°²à°²à± à°à°à°à°¿à°à°¾ à°à°à°¦à°¿. à°à°à°¾à°²à°¿à°¯à°¨à± à°ªà±à°°à±à°«à±à°·à°¨à°²à± à°à±à°¨à±à°¨à°¿à°¸à± à°à±à°°à±à°¡à°¾à°à°¾à°°à±à°²à± 1976 లౠడà±à°µà°¿à°¸à± à°à°ªà±, 2006, 2009, 2010, 2013 లౠఫà±à°¡à± à°à°ªà± à°à±à°²à°¿à°à°¾à°°à±. à°®à±à°à°¾à°°à± à°¸à±à°ªà±à°°à±à°à±à°²à± à°à±à°¡à°¾ à°à°à°²à±à°²à± బాà°à°¾ à°ªà±à°°à°à°¾à°¦à°°à°£ à°ªà±à°à°¦à°¾à°¯à°¿. à°à°à°²à± పలౠమà±à°à±à°à°¿.పి. à°ªà±à°°à°ªà°à° à°à°¾à°à°ªà°¿à°¯à°¨à±à°·à°¿à°ªà±à°ªà±à°²à± à°à±à°²à±à°à±à°à±à°à°¦à°¿. à°à°à°¾à°²à°¿à°¯à°¨à± à°¸à±à°à±à°¯à±à°¡à±à°°à°¿à°¯à°¾ à°«à±à°°à°¾à°°à± à°à±à°°à°¾à°à°¡à± à°ªà±à°°à°¿à°à±à°¸à± à°°à±à°¸à°¿à°à°à±à°²à± (à° à°¤à±à°¯à°à°¤ à°ªà±à°°à°¾à°¤à°¨ à°à°à±à°à± 1948 à°¨à±à°à°à°¿) పాలà±à°à±à°¨à±à°¨à°¾à°¡à±. à°à°£à°¾à°à° ఫారà±à°®à±à°²à°¾ వనౠà°à°à±à°à± 232 విà°à°¯à°¾à°² à°°à°¿à°à°¾à°°à±à°¡à±à°¨à± à°¸à±à°·à±à°à°¿à°à°à°¿ à° à°¤à±à°¯à°à°¤ విà°à°¯à°µà°à°¤à°®à±à°¨ à°à°à±à°à±à°à°¾ à°à±à°°à±à°¤à°¿à°à°à°¬à°¡à±à°¤à±à°à°¦à°¿.
à°à°¾à°°à°¿à°¤à±à°°à°¾à°¤à±à°®à°à°à°à°¾ à°à°à°²à± à°®à±à°¦à°à°¿ à°à°²à°¿à°à°ªà°¿à°¯à°¾à°¡à± à°à±à°°à±à°¡à°²à°²à± (1896) నిరà±à°µà°¹à°¿à°à°à°¿à°¨ 48 à°ªà±à°à±à°²à°²à± 47 లౠపాలà±à°à±à°¨à±à°¨à°¦à°¿. à°à°à°¾à°²à°¿à°¯à°¨à± à°à±à°°à±à°¡à°¾à°à°¾à°°à±à°² à°µà±à°¸à°µà°¿ à°à°²à°¿à°à°ªà°¿à°à± à°à±à°°à±à°¡à°²à°²à± 522 పతà°à°¾à°²à± à°à±à°²à±à°à±à°à±à°¨à±à°¨à°¾à°°à±. విà°à°à°°à± à°à°²à°¿à°à°ªà°¿à°à± à°à±à°°à±à°¡à°²à±à°²à± మరౠ106 పతà°à°¾à°²à°¤à± à°à°²à°¿à°¸à°¿ à°®à±à°¤à±à°¤à° à°à°®à±à°®à°¡à°¿à°à°¾ 628 పతà°à°¾à°²à°²à± 235 à°¬à°à°à°¾à°°à± పతà°à°¾à°²à± à°à°¨à±à°¨à°¾à°¯à°¿. 628 పతà°à°¾à°²à± సాధిà°à°à°¿ à°®à±à°¤à±à°¤à° పతà°à°¾à°²à°¤à± à°à°²à°¿à°à°ªà°¿à°à± à°à°°à°¿à°¤à±à°°à°²à± à°à°¦à°µ à° à°¤à±à°¯à°à°¤ విà°à°¯à°µà°à°¤à°®à±à°¨ à°¦à±à°¶à°à°à°¾ నిలిà°à°¿à°à°¦à°¿. à°¦à±à°¶à° à°°à±à°à°¡à± విà°à°à°°à± à°à°²à°à°ªà°¿à°à±à°¸à± (1956 - 2006 à°²à±), à°à° à°µà±à°¸à°µà°¿ à°à°²à°¿à°à°ªà°¿à°à± à°à±à°°à±à°¡à°²à°à± (1960 à°²à±) à°à°¤à°¿à°¥à±à°¯à° à°à°à±à°à°¿à°à°¦à°¿.
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A Ferrari SF71H by Scuderia Ferrari, the oldest surviving and most successful Formula One team.[295]
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The Italy national football team, here players of 2012, is the men's national football team
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à°à°à°¾à°²à°¿à°¯à°¨à± à°µà°à°à°²à°à± పాసà±à°¤à°¾, à°à±à°ªà°²à±, à°ªà°à°¡à±à°²à±, à°à±à°°à°à°¾à°¯à°²à± à°µà°à°à°¿ మధà±à°¯à°§à°°à°¾ à°à°¹à°¾à°°à°¾à°²à± సమà±à°¦à±à°§à°¿à°à°¾ à°à°ªà°¯à±à°à°¿à°à°à°¬à°¡à±à°¤à± సరళతతౠవà±à°µà°¿à°§à±à°¯à°à°°à°¿à°¤à°à°à°¾ à°à°à°à°¾à°¯à°¿. à° à°¨à±à° à°µà°à°à°²à°²à± నాలà±à°à± à°¨à±à°à°¡à°¿ à°à°¨à°¿à°®à°¿à°¦à°¿ పదారà±à°¥à°¾à°²à± మాతà±à°°à°®à± à°à°ªà°¯à±à°à°¿à°à°à°¬à°¡à±à°¤à±à°à°à°¾à°¯à°¿.[310] à°à°à°¾à°²à°¿à°¯à°¨à± à°à±à°à±à°¸à± విశà±à°·à°®à±à°¨ తయారౠవిధానమౠà°à°¾à°à±à°à°¡à°¾ నాణà±à°¯à°®à±à°¨ à°à°¹à°¾à°° పదారà±à°§à°¾à°²à°¨à± à°à°ªà°¯à±à°à°¿à°¸à±à°¤à±à°à°à°¾à°°à±.[311] à°µà°à°à°à°¾à°²à± తరà°à± à°à±à°«à± à°°à±à°ªà°à°²à±à°ªà°¨ à°à°à°à± à°¸à±à°¥à°¾à°¨à°¿à°à°¤, à°à±à°à±à°à°¬ à°¸à°à°ªà±à°°à°¦à°¾à°¯à°¾à°²à°à± à°ªà±à°°à°¾à°§à°¾à°¨à±à°¯à°¤ à°à°¸à±à°¤à°¾à°¯à°¿. పలౠవà°à°à°à°¾à°²à± à°à±à°¹ à°µà°à°à°à°¾à°¨à°¿à°à°¿ సమానà°à°à°¾ à°à°à°à°¾à°¯à°¿. à°à°¦à°¿ à° à°®à±à°°à°¿à°à°¾à°²à± [312] à°à°à°¾à°²à°¿à°¯à°¨à± à°µà°à°à°à°¾à°²à± à°ªà±à°°à°ªà°à° à°µà±à°¯à°¾à°ªà±à°¤à°à°à°¾ (à° à°®à±à°°à°¿à°à°¾ à°¨à±à°à°¡à°¿ à°à°¸à°¿à°¯à°¾ వరà°à± à°ªà±à°°à°à°¾à°¦à°°à°£ à°ªà±à°à°¦à°¡à°¾à°¨à°¿à°à°¿ à°ªà±à°°à°§à°¾à°¨ à°à°¾à°°à°£à°¾à°²à±à°²à± à°à°¦à°¿ à°à°à°à°¿à°à°¾ à°à°¾à°µà°¿à°à°à°µà°à±à°à±.[313] à°à°¹à°¾à°°à°¦à°¿à°¨à±à°¸à±à°²à±, à°µà°à°à°à°¾à°²à± à°ªà±à°°à°¾à°à°¤à°¾à°² వారిà°à°¾ విసà±à°¤à°¾à°°à°à°à°¾ మారà±à°¤à±à°à°à°¾à°¯à°¿.
à°¸à°à°ªà±à°°à°¦à°¾à°¯ à°à°¹à°¾à°°à°¦à°¿à°¨à±à°¸à±à°²à°¨à± à°à°ªà°¯à±à°à°¿à°à°à°¡à° à°à°à°¾à°²à°¿à°¯à°¨à± à°µà°à° పదà±à°§à°¤à°¿ విà°à°¯à° సాధిà°à°à°¡à°¾à°¨à°¿à°à°¿ à°à±à°²à° à° à°à°¶à°à°à°¾ మారిà°à°¦à°¿. à°à°à°²à±à°²à± à°à°°à±à°ªà°¾à°¸à°®à°¾à°à±à°¯ à°à°à±à°à° à°¦à±à°µà°¾à°°à°¾ à°¸à°à°°à°à±à°·à°¿à°à°à°¬à°¡à°¿à°¨ à°µà°à°à°à°¾à°²à± à°¸à°à°ªà±à°°à°¦à°¾à°¯ à°ªà±à°°à°¤à±à°¯à±à°à°¤à°²à± à°à°²à°¿à°à°¿à°¨ à°µà°à°à°à°¾à°²à°²à± à°à°à°²à± à°µà°à°à°à°¾à°²à± à° à°¤à±à°¯à°§à°¿à°à°à°à°¾ à°à°¨à±à°¨à°¾à°¯à°¿.[314] à°à°à°¾à°²à°¿à°¯à°¨à± à°à°¾à°¸à±à°à±à°°à±à°¨à°®à°¿à°à± à°¸à°à°¸à±à°à±à°¤à°¿à°²à± à°®à±à°à±à°¯à°ªà°¾à°¤à±à°° వహిసà±à°¤à±à°¨à±à°¨ à°à°¾à°«à± (à°®à±à°à±à°¯à°à°à°¾ à°à°¸à±à°ªà±à°°à±à°¸à±à°¸à±) à°¤à±à°ªà°¾à°à±, à°à±à°à±, à°à±à°²à±à°¡à± à°à°à±à°¸à±, à°µà±à°¨à± à°µà°à°à°¿ à°à°à°¾à°²à°¿à°¯à°¨à± à°à°¹à°°à°¾à°²à± à° à°¨à±à° à°ªà±à°°à°¾à°à°¤à±à°¯ à°à±à°¦à°¾à°²à±, నివాససà±à°¥à°¾à°¨à° à°à°§à°¾à°°à°à°à°¾ à°¸à°à°°à°à±à°·à°¿à°¤ à°¹à±à°¦à°¾ à°à°²à°¿à°à°¿ à°à°¨à±à°¨à°¾à°¯à°¿.[315] à°¡à±à°¸à±à°°à±à°à±à°²à± తయారౠà°à±à°¯à°¡à°¾à°¨à°¿à°à°¿ సిà°à±à°°à°¸à± à°ªà°à°¡à±à°²à±, పిసà±à°¤à°¾à°ªà°ªà±à°ªà±, బాదఠవà°à°à°¿ à°¸à±à°¥à°¾à°¨à°¿à° à°°à±à°à±à°²à±, మసà±à°à°°à±à°ªà±à°¨à±, à°°à°¿à°à±à°, à°à±à°à±, వనిలà±à°²à°¾, సినà±à°¨à°®à±à°¨à± à°µà°à°à°¿ ఠసాధారణ à°°à±à°à±à°²à± à°µà°à°à°¿ మిశà±à°°à°®à°¾à°¨à±à°¨à°¿ విలà±à°¨à° à°à±à°¸à± à°¸à°à°ªà±à°°à°¦à°¾à°¯à° à°¸à±à°¦à±à°°à±à°à°à°¾à°²à°à°à°¾ à°à°à°¦à°¿. à°à±à°²à°¾à°à±,[316] తిరమిసà±,[317] à°à±à°¯à°¾à°¸à°à°¾ à°à°à°¾à°²à°¿à°¯à°¨à± à°¡à±à°¸à±à°°à±à°à±à°²à°à± à°à°¦à°¾à°¹à°°à°£à°à°¾ à°à°¨à±à°¨à°¾à°¯à°¿. à°à°à°¾à°²à°¿à°¯à°¨à± à°à±à°à±à°²à±, పాà°à°¿à°¸à±à°°à± à° à°¤à±à°¯à°à°¤ à°ªà±à°°à°¸à°¿à°¦à±à°§ à°à±à°à°¦à°¾à°¯à°¿.
à°ªà±à°°à°à±à°¤à±à°µ శలవà±à°²à± , à°ªà°à°¡à±à°à°²à± మారà±à°à±
à°à°à°²à±à°²à± à°à°°à±à°ªà±à°à±à°¨à± à°ªà±à°°à°à±à°¤à±à°µ à°¸à±à°²à°µà±à°²à°²à± మత, à°à°¾à°¤à±à°¯, à°ªà±à°°à°¾à°à°¤à±à°¯ à°à°à°¾à°°à°¾à°²à°à± à°ªà±à°°à°¾à°§à°¾à°¨à±à°¯à°¤ à°à°à°à±à°à°¦à°¿.[320] à°ªà±à°°à°¤à°¿ à°¸à°à°µà°¤à±à°¸à°°à° à°à±à°¨à± 2 à°¨ à°à°à°²à± à°à°¾à°¤à±à°¯ దినà±à°¤à±à°¸à°µà° à°«à±à°¸à±à°à°¾ à°¡à±à°²à±à°²à°¾ రిపబà±à°²à°¿à°à°¾ (à°à°£à°¤à°à°¤à±à°° దినà±à°¤à±à°¸à°µà°) à°à°°à±à°ªà±à°à±à°à°à°¾à°°à±. 1946 లౠà°à°à°¾à°²à°¿à°¯à°¨à± రిపబà±à°²à°¿à°à± à°ªà±à°à±à°à±à°à°¨à± à°à°°à±à°ªà±à°à±à°à°à°¾à°°à±.
à°¡à°¿à°¸à±à°à°¬à°°à± 13 à°¨ à°à°°à°¿à°à± à°¸à±à°¯à°¿à°à°à± à°²à±à°¸à±'సౠడౠà°à±à°¨à±à°¨à°¿ à°à°à°²à± à°ªà±à°°à°¾à°à°¤à°¾à°²à°²à± పిలà±à°²à°²à°²à± బాà°à°¾ à°ªà±à°°à°¸à°¿à°¦à±à°§à°¿ à°à±à°à°¦à°¿à°à°¦à°¿. à° à°à±à°à°¡ à°à°®à± శాà°à°¤à°¾ à°à±à°²à°¾à°à±à°¤à± సమాన పాతà±à°° à°ªà±à°·à°¿à°¸à±à°¤à±à°à°¦à°¿.[321] ఠదనà°à°à°¾ à°à°à°²à±à°²à±à°¨à°¿ à°à°¨à°µà°°à°¿ 5 - 6 మధà±à°¯ రాతà±à°°à°¿ పిలà±à°²à°²à°à± à°®à°à°à°¿ బహà±à°®à°¤à±à°²à±, à°¸à±à°µà±à°à±à°²à±, à°à±à°¡à±à°¡ వారిà°à°¿ à°¬à±à°à±à°à± à°²à±à°¦à°¾ à°¬à±à°¡à°¿à°¦ à°¸à°à°à±à°²à°¨à± à°¤à±à°¸à±à°à±à°µà°à±à°à± à°à° మాà°à°¤à±à°°à°¦à°à°¡à°à°¤à±-à°¸à±à°µà°¾à°°à± à°à±à°¸à± à°à° à°®à±à°¸à°²à°¿ à°¸à±à°¤à±à°°à±à°¤à± à°¸à°à°¬à°à°§à° à°à°²à°¿à°à°¿ à°à°ªà°¿à°«à°¨à± à°¬à±à°«à°¾à°¨à°¾ ఠనౠà°à° à°à°¾à°¨à°ªà°¦ à°ªà°à°¡à±à° à°à°°à±à°ªà°¬à°¡à±à°¤à± à°à°à°à±à°à°¦à°¿.[322] 15 à°à°à°¸à±à°à±à°¨ à°«à±à°°à°à°¾à°¸à±à°à±à°¤à± సమానà°à°à°¾ à°à°à°¡à± " à° à°¸à°à°ªà±à°·à°¨à± à°à°«à± à°®à±à°°à± " à°à°°à±à°ªà±à°à±à°à°à°¾à°°à±. à°à°¦à°¿ à°µà±à°¸à°µà°¿ à°¸à±à°²à°µà±à°² à°à°¾à°²à°à°²à± à°à°¾à°²à°¾ మారà±à°²à± వారాà°à°¤à°à°²à± à°à°°à±à°ªà±à°à±à°à°à°¾à°°à±.[323] à°ªà±à°°à°¤à°¿ à°¨à°à°°à° à°²à±à°¦à°¾ à°ªà°à±à°à°£à°à°²à± à°¸à±à°¥à°¾à°¨à°¿à° " పాà°à±à°°à°¨à± à°¸à±à°¯à°¿à°à°à± " à°ªà°à°¡à±à° à°¸à°à°¦à°°à±à°à°à°à°¾ à°ªà±à°°à°à±à°¤à±à°µ à°¸à±à°²à°µà±à°¦à°¿à°¨à° à°à°°à±à°ªà±à°à±à°à°à±à°à°¦à°¿. à°à°¦à°¾à°¹à°°à°£à°à±: à°°à±à°®à±à°²à± à°à±à°¨à± 29, (à°¸à±à°¯à°¿à°à°à±à°¸à± à°ªà±à°à°°à±, పాలà±), మిలనౠడిసà±à°à°¬à°°à± 7 (à°à°¸à±. à° à°à°¬à±à°°à±à°¸à±).à°à°°à±à°ªà±à°à±à°à°à°¾à°°à±.[324]
à°à°à°²à±à°²à± à° à°¨à±à° à°ªà°à°¡à±à°à°²à±, à°à°¤à±à°¸à°µà°¾à°²à± à°à°¨à±à°¨à°¾à°¯à°¿. à°µà±à°à°¿à°²à± పాలియౠడి సియానా à°à±à°°à±à°°à°ªà± à°ªà°à°¦à±à°, పవితà±à°° వారఠà°à°à°¾à°°à°¾à°²à±, సరాసà±à°¨à± à°à±à°¸à±à°à± (à° à°°à±à°à±), à°¸à±à°¯à°¿à°à°à± à°à°¬à°²à±à°¡à± à°¡à± (à°à±à°¬à±à°¬à°¿à°¯à±), à°à°¿à°¯à±à°¸à±à°à±à°° à°¡à±à°²à±à°²à°¾ à°à±à°µà°¿à°à°à°¾à°¨à°¾ (à°«à±à°²à°¿à°à°¾à°¨à±), à°à°¾à°²à±à°¸à°¿à°¯à± à°«à°¿à°¯à±à°°à±à°à°à°¿à°¨à± à°ªà±à°°à°¾à°§à°¾à°¨à±à°¯à°¤ వహిసà±à°¤à±à°¨à±à°¨à°¾à°¯à°¿. 2013 లౠయà±à°¨à±à°¸à±à°à± à°ªà±à°¸à°¿à°¸à±, వరియా à°¡à°¿ పాలà±à°®à°¿, à°®à°à±à°à± à°¡à°¿ శాà°à°à°¾ à°°à±à°¸à°¾ (à°µà±à°°à±à°à±à°¬à±), à°«à±à°¸à±à°à°¾ à°¡à± à°à°¿à°à±à°²à°¿ (à°¨à±à°²à°¾), à°¦à±à°°à°¦à°¾ à°¡à°¿ లి సాà°à°¦à±à°°à°°à± (సాసà±à°¸à°¾à°°à°¿) à°µà°à°à°¿ à°à±à°¨à±à°¨à°¿ సాà°à°¸à±à°à±à°¤à°¿à° వారసతà±à°µà° à°à°²à°¿à°à°¿à°¨ à°à°à°²à± à°ªà°à°¡à±à°à°²à°¨à± à°à±à°°à±à°à°¿à°à°¦à°¿.[325]
à°à°¤à°° à°à°¤à±à°¸à°µà°¾à°²à±à°²à± à°µà±à°¨à°¿à°¸à±, వియà±à°°à±à°à°¿à°¯à±, శాà°à±à°°à°¿à°¯à± à°¡à°¿ à°²à±à°à°¾à°¨à°¿à°¯à°¾, మామియడ, à°à°°à±à°µà±à°¯à°¾, దాని à°à°°à±à°à°à±à°¸à± à°¯à±à°¦à±à°§à° à°à±à°¸à° à°ªà±à°°à°¸à°¿à°¦à±à°§à°¿ à°à±à°à°¦à°¾à°¯à°¿. 1932 à°¨à±à°à°¡à°¿ à°à°à°²à±à°²à± వారà±à°·à°¿à°à°à°à°¾ à°ªà±à°°à°¤à°¿à°·à±à° ాతà±à°®à°à°®à±à°¨ à°µà±à°¨à°¿à°¸à± à°à°à°à°°à±à°¨à±à°·à°¨à°²à± à°«à°¿à°²à±à°®à± à°«à±à°¸à±à°à°¿à°µà°²à±, "à°à±à°²à±à°¡à±à°¨à± లయనà±" ఠవారà±à°¡à±à°¨à± à°ªà±à°°à°¦à°¾à°¨à° à°à±à°¸à± à°à°¤à±à°¸à°µà°¾à°¨à±à°¨à°¿ నిరà±à°µà°¹à°¿à°à°à°¬à°¡à±à°¤à±à°à°¦à°¿. à°à°¦à°¿ à°ªà±à°°à°ªà°à°à°à°²à±à°¨à°¿ à°ªà±à°°à°¾à°¤à°¨ à°à°²à°¨ à°à°¿à°¤à±à°°à±à°¤à±à°¸à°µà°à°à°¾ à°à±à°°à±à°¤à°¿à°à°à°¬à°¡à±à°¤à±à°à°¦à°¿.[318]
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à°à°®à°¨à°¿à°à°²à± మారà±à°à±
- â The Italian peninsula is geographically located in Southern Europe, while North Italy can be placed partly or totally in Central Europe. Due to cultural, political and historical reasons, Italy is a Western European country.
- â Official French maps show the border detouring south of the main summit, and claim the highest point in Italy is Mont Blanc de Courmayeur (4,748Â m or 15,577Â ft), but these are inconsistent with an 1861 convention and topographic watershed analysis.
- â According to Mitrica, an October 2005 Romanian report estimates that 1,061,400 Romanians are living in Italy, constituting 37% of 2.8Â million immigrants in that country[189] but it is unclear how the estimate was made, and therefore whether it should be taken seriously.
à°®à±à°²à°¾à°²à± మారà±à°à±
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