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Finance Overview Capital Investment Cash flow Credit Debt Funding Hedging Interest Risk Yield Arbitrage Types of Finance Corporate finance Personal finance Public finance Asset Types Real modities Futures Financial Vehicles Collective Investment Schemes Trusts See Also Entrepreneur Financial market Insurance Economy Corporate finance is a specific area of finance dealing with the financial decisions corporations make and the tools as well as analysis used to make these decisions. The primary goal of Corporate finance is to enhance corporate value, without taking excessive financial risks. The discipline may be divided among long-term and short-term decisions and techniques.

Capital investment prise the long-term choices about which projects receive investment, whether to finance that investment with equity or debt, and when or whether to pay dividends to shareholders. Short-term corporate finance decisions are called working capital management and deal with the balance of current assets and current liabilities; the focus here is on managing cash, inventories, and short-term borrowing and lending e.g., the credit terms extended to customers.

The time frames, and the goal of the discipline, are inter-related: value is enhanced when return on capital, a function of working capital management, exceeds cost of capital, a function of previous capital investment decisions. Corporate finance is closely related to managerial finance, which is slightly broader in scope, describing the financial techniques available to all forms of business enterprise, corporate or not.

Longer term Corporate finance decisions - generally relating to fixed assets and capital structure - are referred to as Capital investment decisions. The decision here will be based on several inter-related criteria.

In general, management must maximize the value of the firm by investing in projects which are NPV positive, when valued using an appropriate discount rate; these projects must also be financed appropriately. If no such opportunities exist, maximizing shareholder value dictates that management return excess cash to shareholders.

Capital investment decisions prise an investment decision, a financing decision, and a dividend decision. Management must allocate limited resources peting opportunities projects in a process known as capital budgeting.

Making this capital allocation decision requires estimating the value of each opportunity or project: a function of the size, timing and predictability of future cash flows. In general, each projects value will be estimated using a discounted cash flow DCF valuation, and the opportunity with the highest value, as measured by the resultant net present value NPV will be selected see Fisher separation theorem.

This requires estimating the size and timing of all of the incremental cash flows resulting from the project. These future cash flows are then discounted to determine their present value see Time value of money.

These present values are then summed, and this sum is the NPV. The NPV is greatly influenced by the discount rate.

Thus selecting the proper discount rate - the project hurdle rate - is critical to making the right decision. The hurdle rate is the minimum acceptable return on an investment - i.e.

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