The following detailed chronology of climatic and historic events is based primarily on Le Roy Ladurie (1971), Grove (1988), Savage (1995), Nesje and Dahl (2000), and other sources as noted.
Norse skeletal remains from graves at Hvalsey church, Greenland.
18O values from tooth enamel indicate sharply colder
temperature during the Little Ice Age (Fricke et al. 1995).
Photo by Preben Jensen; reproduced by permission.
1408-10: Last reliable account of Norsemen still living in Greenland;
all had perished by end of 15th century.
1460: Increased sea ice in coastal waters of Iceland.
1460-1560: End of Medieval glaciation was followed by a century of
relatively mild climate.
1510: German merchants visited Greenland and found Inuits living among
ruins of Norse settlements.
1530-75: Chamonix/Mont Blanc glaciers (France) advanced, but caused no
damages.
1700-20: Glaciers maintained overall positions in Europe; some minor
advances and retreats took place.
1700-21: Great Northern War: crippled by the famine of late 1690s, Sweden was vulnerable to attack by Russia, Poland, and Denmark. Weakend by war, famine and plague, Swedish power over the Baltic region was broken.
1710: Nigardsbreen (Norway) was advancing at rate which averaged 100 m
per year over next 25 years.
1720: Engabreen (Norway) buried a farm; other glaciers threatened farms
in Norway.
1720-30s: Alpine glaciers maintained positions, much larger than today,
but did not experience major advances.
1732: Vatnajökull crushed ruins of Icelandic farm that had been
abandoned during earlier advance.
1735: Nigardsbreen destroyed pasture land and threatened a farm, which was completely destroyed by ice in 1743.
1760-90: Long-term "normality" of glacier expansion accepted; no real
sign of significant glacier retreats.
1775: Worst episode of sand-dune drifting in northwestern Denmark. Many farms, villages, and churches were destroyed during the late 1700s--see the buried church.
1783-84: Huge fissure eruptions of Laki volcano in Iceland; greatest historical volcanic eruptions anywhere in world; possibly largest in all Holocene (Bárdarson 1991). Volcanic gas (SO2) killed vegetation, plus a severe winter resulted in mass starvation of livestock. The "haze famine" killed about one-quarter of Iceland's human population.
1806-08: Crop failures and famine in Estonia (Tannberg et al. 2000).
1810-1819: Coldest decade of the last 1250 years in the French Alps, according to tree-ring data (Corona et al. 2011). Mean summer temperature was 3 °C lower than the warmest decades (810s and 1990s).
1816: Coldest single year on record in many places in Europe and North America, following the 1815 eruption of Mount Tambora in Indonesia.
1816-25: New glacier offensive throughout Europe; all Alpine glaciers showed advances reaching positions slightly short of 17th century Alpine maximum limits.
1830-40s: Moderate retreat shown by many glaciers.
1840s: Introduction of potatoes in Estonia put an end to recurring famines (Tannberg et al. 2000).
1850-55: Fairly general glacier advances throughout Alps; some panic in
population, but no serious damages resulted.
1855: Signs of moderate retreats by Chamonix glaciers.
1860-80s: Evidence of pronounced glacier withdrawal all over continental
Europe; many Alpine glaciers retreated >1; km by beginning of this
century. Icelandic glaciers remained in advanced positions, however.
1870: Athabasca glacier of the Columbia Icefield (Alberta, Canada)
advanced to near its Little Ice Age maximum completely blocking Sunwapta
valley. Other glaciers in western Canada experienced major expansions.
late 1800s: Little Ice Maximum in western Canada--see Fig.
19-17.
1890: Eyjabakkajökull, an outlet glacier of Vatnajökull
(Iceland), surged to its maximum historical limit.
1900: Sléttjökull, an outlet glacier of Mýrdalsjökull (Iceland), stood at its Little Ice Age maximum. Other Icelandic glaciers at or near their maxima.
Phenology is the study of seasonal dates of plant growth phenomena,
such as flowering or ripening in fruit trees or grape vines. The date at
which grapes ripen is mainly a function of summer temperature; warm, sunny
weather results in an early wine harvest, and vice versa. Good
historical records of the annual wine harvest have been compiled from towns
in western Europe (France and Switzerland) by historians interested in the
impact of climate on human activities (Le Roy Ladurie 1971).
The following chronology indicates a close correspondence between wine
harvest dates and glacier advances during the Little Ice Age. Early wine
harvests generally coincided with glacier retreats; late harvests were
times of glacier advances. However, glacier responses usually lagged a few
years behind the climatic changes indicated by wine harvest dates.
Chronology of wine harvest dates and climatic conditions in western Europe
is based on Le Roy Ladurie (1971).
1510-1559: Decidedly warm overall, average harvest date 26 Sept.
1560-1600: Definitely cooler, average harvest date 30 Sept., 1590s was
coldest decade of 16th century.
1601-1616: Warm or average conditions, average harvest 25 Sept.
1617-1650: Outstanding cold episodes with low temperatures and late wine
harvests.
1651-1686: Early wine harvest dates with drought episodes.
1687-1703: Late wine harvests, very cold spring/summer temperatures
(thermometer readings), 1690s was coldest decade of 17th century, crop
failures common.
1711-1717: Cold spring/summer weather, late wine harvests.
1718-1737: Warm spring/summer weather, early wine harvests.
1739-1752: Cold spring/summer weather, late wine harvests.
1757-1763: Warm spring/summer weather, early wine harvests.
1765-1777: Especially cold, wet spring/summer weather, low barometric
pressure, late wine harvests.
1778-1784: Warm spell throughout Europe, highest thermometer readings
recorded prior to 20th century.
1801-1811: Hot summers, early wine harvests.
1812-1817: Cold, wet spring/summer weather, 1816 coldest year on record,
latest wine harvests ever known (early November), cereal crops failed.
1850-1856: Cold springs and cool summers, late wine harvests.
post-1856: Warm, clear spring/summer weather, high air pressure, early
wine harvests, end of Little Ice Ages in western Europe.
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